Real-Time Parameter Tuning Using Wafer Temperature

ABSTRACT

The invention can provide a method of processing a wafer using a Real-Time Parameter Tuning (RTPT) procedure to receive an input message that can include a pass-through message, a real-time feedforward message, or a real-time optimization message, or any combination thereof. The RTPT procedures can use real-time wafer temperature data to create, modify, and/or use measurement recipe data, measurement profile data, and/or measurement model data. In addition, RTPT procedures can use real-time wafer temperature data to create, modify, and/or use process recipe data, process profile data, and/or process model data.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to co-pending Attorney docket number ES-096,entitled “Real-Time Parameter Tuning For Etch Processes”; ES-114,entitled “Real-Time Parameter Tuning Using Wafer Thickness”; ES-117,entitled “Method for Using a Wafer Temperature Dependent ProfileLibrary”; and ES-118, entitled “Method for Using a Wafer ThicknessDependent Profile Library”, each filed on even date herewith. Thecontents of each of these applications are herein incorporated byreference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to process modeling, and more particularlyto improving the modeling accuracy using real-time parameter tuning.

2. Description of the Related Art

One example of optical metrology involves directing an incident beam ata structure, measuring the resulting diffracted beam, and analyzing thediffracted beam to determine various characteristics, such as theprofile of the structure. In semiconductor manufacturing, opticalmetrology of periodic gratings is typically used for quality assurance.

For example, a periodic grating may be formed near an operatingstructure of a semiconductor chip. The periodic grating is thenilluminated with an electromagnetic radiation, and the electromagneticradiation that deflects off the periodic grating can be collected as adiffraction signal. The diffraction signal can then be analyzed todetermine whether the periodic grating, and by extension whether theoperating structure of the semiconductor chip, has been fabricatedaccording to specifications.

In one conventional system, the diffraction signal collected fromilluminating the periodic grating (the measured-diffraction signal) iscompared to a library of simulated-diffraction signals. Eachsimulated-diffraction signal in the library is associated with ahypothetical profile. When a match is made between themeasured-diffraction signal and one of the simulated-diffraction signalsin the library, the hypothetical profile associated with thesimulated-diffraction signal is presumed to represent the actual profileof the periodic grating, thus providing information about the operatingstructure which can be used for further processing, control etc.

Material variations can occur across a wafer, from wafer to wafer andfrom lot to lot. This variation, for example, can be due to CVD or spinon films not being uniform across the wafer, chamber to chambervariations and chamber drift in processing over time. Further, filmproperties can change across a wafer and/or wafer to wafer during aprocess, such as the etch process, due to the nature of using endpointing and sacrificial films to control a bottom CD. Etching of afilm, for example, can change the optical properties and physicalproperties of a film. Such changes in material properties, filmproperties or other properties that occur during processing of the wafercan also cause variation in optical properties of the material, film,etc. Thus, optical metrology of a semiconductor wafer (by using agrating, for example) can produce measurement results that vary inaccordance with the variations in the optical properties, rather than onthe parameter intended to be measured.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of the invention is to address the above and/or otherproblems with optical metrology methods.

Another object of the invention is to provide a mechanism forconsidering prior process effects on optical metrology measurements inorder to provide accurate measurement data.

The invention can provide a method of processing a wafer in real-timeusing Real-Time Parameter Tuning (RTPT) procedures. In addition, aReal-Time Optimizer (RTO) can be used to perform RTPT procedures usingreal-time RTPT parameters from one or more Transparent Coupling Devices(TCDs).

The method of processing a wafer can include receiving the wafer andwafer data and the wafer data includes historical and/or real-time waferthickness, temperature and/or n&k data. The wafer can be received by ameasurement subsystem. A wafer state is established for the wafer. AnRTO can receive one or more input messages that can include pass-throughmessages, or real-time feedforward messages, or any combination thereof.The pass-through message can include historical wafer data and thereal-time feedforward message can include real-time wafer thickness,temperature and/or n&k data. One or more TCDs can create real-timefeedforward data using the real-time feedforward message when the inputmessage includes a real-time feedforward message. The real-timefeedforward data is created when input message includes a real-timefeedforward message, and is not created when the input message include areal-time feedforward message. The real-time feedforward data canincludes real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data. The RTOcan feed forward the real-time feedforward data to a controller in themeasurement subsystem when the feedforward state is a first value, anddoes not feed forward the real-time feedforward data when thefeedforward state is a second value. The feedforward state is the firstvalue when the real-time feedforward data can be fed forward before ameasurement process is performed for the wafer, and the feedforwardstate is the second value when the real-time feedforward data cannot befed forward before the measurement process is performed for the wafer.Then either a tuned measurement recipe, a tuned measurement profile, ora tuned measurement model, or any combination thereof can be createdusing a RTPT procedure that uses the real-time wafer thickness,temperature and/or n&k data as tuning data when a RTPT state is a firstvalue; or the tuned measurement recipe, the tuned measurement profile,or the tuned measurement model, or any combination thereof is notcreated when the RTPT state is a second value. In addition, the tunedmeasurement recipe, the tuned measurement profile, or the tunedmeasurement model, or any combination thereof can be created when theinput message includes a real-time feedforward message, and the tunedmeasurement recipe, the tuned measurement profile, or the tunedmeasurement model, or any combination thereof cannot be created when theinput message does not include a real-time feedforward message.

The method can further include measuring the wafer in the measurementsubsystem using the tuned measurement recipe, the tuned measurementprofile, or the tuned measurement model, or any combination thereof whenthe RTPT state is the first value; identifying the measured wafer as atuned wafer by changing the wafer state for the wafer; and storingmeasured data associated with the tuned wafer as tuned measurement data.A RTO can be used to receive an input message that can include apass-through message, or a real-time feedforward message, or anycombination thereof.

Another aspect of the invention includes a method of performing opticalmeasurements on a wafer, including processing an input signal to obtainnon-tuning data including a measurement recipe for use in the opticalmeasurement system, and performing an optical measurement based on themeasurement recipe at optical measurement hardware of the measurementsystem to obtain an optical diffraction signal from a measurement siteon the wafer. Also included is obtaining tuning data an optical analysissystem of the measurement system, and calculating a measurement resultbased on the optical diffraction signal and the tuning data.

Other aspects of the invention will be made apparent from thedescription that follows and from the drawings appended hereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of exampleonly, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in whichcorresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, and inwhich:

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary block diagram of a processing system inaccordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of an optimized system inaccordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic representation of a Transparent CouplingDevice (TCD) in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a procedure forprocessing a wafer in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a procedure for using athickness-dependent profile library that was created using real-timewafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data; and

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing a method for determining a tuned ODPmeasurement result based on tuning data in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention provides a system and methods for using real-timeparameter tuning during wafer processing. One or more TransparentCoupling Devices (TCDs) can be used to feed forward messages and/or datain real-time to update models and/or recipes. TCDs can be installed andintegrated into a factory system, a processing subsystem, and/or ameasurement subsystem without large changes in factory automation and/ortool software.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary block diagram of a processing system inaccordance with embodiments of the invention. In the illustratedembodiment, wafer-processing system 100 comprises a lithographysubsystem 110, an etching subsystem 120, a deposition subsystem 130, anda measurement subsystem 140. The lithography subsystem 110, etchingsubsystem 120, deposition subsystem 130, and measurement subsystem 140can be coupled to each other using transfer system 160. For example,transfer system 160 can be used to receive wafers, transfer wafers,align wafers, store wafers exchange process-related information, andexchange wafer-related information.

A manufacturing execution system (MES) 180 can be coupled 182 to thetransfer system 160 and can be coupled 181 to the data transfer system190. As used herein, the term “coupled” followed by a referencedesignator can indicate a physical or non-physical coupling of twosystems to achieve data transfer and/or physical transfer of an objectsuch as a wafer. Alternatively a factory level and/or host system may beused and other coupling techniques may be used. In alternateembodiments, one or more additional subsystems may be required. Forexample, wafer-processing system 100 may be coupled 161 to anotherprocessing system.

The wafer-processing system 100 can include a system controller 105 andstorage devices 107. Alternatively, the system controller 105 and/orstorage devices 107 may not be required. System controller 105 can becoupled 102 to the transfer system 160 and can be coupled 106 to thedata transfer system 190. Alternatively other configurations may be usedand other coupling techniques may be used.

The lithography subsystem 110 can include a Transparent Coupling Device(TCD) 118 that can be coupled 119 to the data transfer system 190, theetching subsystem 120 can include a TCD 128 that can be coupled 129 tothe data transfer system 190, the deposition subsystem 130 can include aTCD 138 that can be coupled 139 to the data transfer system 190, and themeasurement subsystem 140 can include TCD 148 that can be coupled 149 tothe data transfer system 190. Alternatively, one or more of the TCDs118, 128, 138, and 148 may not be required. Single TCDs are shown foreach subsystem, but this is not required for the invention. In otherembodiments, any number of TCDs can be used in a subsystem. The TCDs canbe coupled in series and/or in parallel and can have one or more inputports and/or one or more output ports. TCDs can be coupled to each otherand to other devices using a network such as an intranet, internet,and/or wireless connections. TCDs can be connected to one or more inputdevices and/or output devices in a subsystem.

The lithography subsystem 110 can include a controller 115 that caninclude a Real-Time Optimizer (RTO) 117, the etching subsystem 120 caninclude a controller 125 that can include a RTO 127, the depositionsubsystem 130 can include a controller 135 that can include a RTO 137,and the measurement subsystem 140 can include a controller 145 that caninclude a RTO 127. The controllers (105, 115, 125, 135, and 145) can becoupled to each other as required. For example, controller 115 can becoupled 116 to a data transfer system 190, controller 125 can be coupled126 to the data transfer system 190, controller 135 can be coupled 136to the data transfer system 190, and controller 145 can be coupled 146to a data transfer system 190. Alternatively, other couplingconfigurations may be used. In addition, a scanner 150 can be coupled tothe lithography subsystem 110, or alternatively, the lithographysubsystem 110 may include a scanning system.

One or more of the RTOs (117, 127, 137, and 147) and/or one or more ofthe TCDs (118, 128, 138, and 148) can be used when performing Real-TimeParameter Tuning (RTPT) procedures. A RTO can receive real-time data,such as real-time RTPT parameters from one or more TCDs to tune and/oroptimize a recipe, profile, and/or model. In some embodiments, a tuningprocedure can be performed in which fine adjustments are made to theoptical measurement based on feedforward data, and an optimizationprocedure can then be performed in which the “tuned” data is then usedto calculate an optimized recipe for processing or updating a processmodel. One or more of the RTOs (117, 127, 137, and 147) can performreal-time RTPT procedures using real-time tuning data and providereal-time tuned data as described herein. In some embodiments, one ormore RTOs can be used to intercept one or more SECS (semiconductorequipment communication standard) messages from a MES 180, read and/orremove tuning information, feed forward the tuning information, andpass-through the remaining information as an SECS message. One or moreof the RTOs (117, 127, 137, and 147) can perform real-time optimizationprocedures using real-time optimization data and provide real-timeoptimized data as described herein. For example, a TCD can be used toprocess the messages. In addition, one or more RTOs can be used tointercept one or more SECS messages from another subsystem, read and/orremove optimization information, feed forward the optimizationinformation, and pass-through the remaining information as an SECSmessage. For example, a message can be passed-through to a MES 180 oranother subsystem.

In addition, one or more of the controllers (105, 115, 125, 135, and145) can be used to perform RTPT procedures. The controllers (105, 115,125, 135, and 145) can include procedures and/or memory (not shown) asrequired. For example, a memory (not shown) can be used for storinginformation and instructions to be executed by the controllers (105,115, 125, 135, and 145), and may be used for storing temporary variablesor other intermediate information during the execution of instructionsby the various computers/processors in the wafer-processing system 100.One or more controllers (105, 115, 125, 135, and 145), or other systemcomponents can comprise the means for reading data and/or instructionsfrom a computer readable medium and can comprise the means for writingdata and/or instructions to a computer readable medium.

The wafer-processing system 100 can perform a portion of or all of theprocessing steps of the invention in response to thecomputers/processors in the wafer-processing system executing one ormore sequences of one or more instructions contained in a memory. Suchinstructions may be received from another computer, a computer readablemedium, or a network connection.

Stored on any one or on any combination of computer readable media, thepresent invention includes software for controlling the wafer-processingsystem, for driving a device or devices for implementing the invention,and for enabling the wafer-processing system 100 to interact with ahuman user. Such software may include, but is not limited to, devicedrivers, operating systems, development tools, and applicationssoftware. Such computer readable media further includes the computerprogram product of the present invention for performing all or a portion(if processing is distributed) of the processing performed inimplementing the invention.

The term “computer readable medium” as used herein refers to any mediumthat participates in providing instructions to a processor of the system100 for execution. A computer readable medium may take many forms,including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, andtransmission media.

In some embodiments, an integrated system can be configured using systemcomponents manufactured by Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL). For example, anintegrated metrology module (IMM) from TEL may be used. In otherembodiments, different subsystems and/or tools may be included.

The processing tools can include one or more etch tools, depositiontools, ALD tools, measurement tools, ionizations tools, polishing tools,coating tools, developing tools, cleaning tools, exposure tools, andthermal treatment tools. In addition, the metrology tools can include aCD-Scanning Electron Microscopy (CDSEM) tool, a Transmission ElectronMicroscopy (TEM) tool, a focused ion beam (FIB) tool, an ODP tool, anAtomic Force Microscope (AFM) tool, or other optical metrology tools.The processing tools and/or metrology tools can have different interfacerequirements. TCDs can be configured to satisfy these differentinterface requirements and can be used to “transparently” couple anumber of different processing tools and/or metrology tools to anexisting processing system. As will be discussed below, “collected data”can include historical and real-time wafer data and/or process data. Forexample, real-time wafer thickness data and/or real time wafertemperature data can be extracted from the collected data.

One or more of the subsystems of the wafer-processing system 100 cancomprise a control component, a GUI component, and/or a databasecomponent (not shown). For example, GUI components (not shown) canprovide easy to use interfaces that enable users to: view status;create/view/edit TCDs, RTOs, RTPT procedures, strategies, plans, errors,faults, databases, rules, recipes, modeling applications,simulation/spreadsheet applications, email messages, and diagnosticsscreens. As should be apparent to those skilled in the art, the GUIcomponents need not provide interfaces for all functions, and mayprovide interfaces for any subset of these functions or others notlisted here.

TCDs 118, 128, 138, and 148 can be coupled to data transfer system 190for exchanging information with the MES 180 and other subsystems. Thedata transfer system 190 can comprise hardwire and/or wirelesscomponents.

The system controller 105 can include Advanced Process Control (APC)applications, Fault Detection and Classification (FDC), and/orRun-to-Run (R2R) applications, and can be coupled to subsystem 110, 120,130, and/or 140 using a bi-directional link 102 to the transfer system160. Alternatively, the system controller may be coupled differently. Inalternate embodiments, one or more TCDs (not shown) may be included in asystem controller 105 and may exchange information with the MES and/orsubsystems.

In some embodiments, a TCD, such as 118, 128, 138, or 148, can extract arecipe, profile, and/or a model tuning parameter message from a hostmessage and can route the tuning parameter message to a controller, suchas controller 105, 115, 125, 135, or 145. Other messages from the hostmessage can be passed through to a subsystem associated with the messagewithout any changes. In many cases, the TCD can be installed andoperated with little or no changes required to the subsystem and/or toolsoftware.

In other embodiments, a TCD, such as TCD 118, 128, 138, or 148, canextract a recipe, profile, and/or a model tuning parameter message froma host message and can route the tuning parameter message to a RTO, suchas RTO 107, 117, 127, 137, or 147. Other messages from the host messagecan be passed through to a subsystem associated with the message withoutany changes. In still other embodiments, a TCD, such as 118, 128, 138,or 148, can extract a recipe, profile, and/or a model tuning parametermessage from an internal message and can route the tuning parametermessage internally within a subsystem and/or externally.

One or more of the RTOs (117, 127, 137, and 147) and/or one or more ofthe controllers (105, 115, 125, 135, and 145) can comprise processtuning and/or optimization procedures, model tuning and/or optimizationprocedures, or profile tuning and/or optimization procedures, or anycombination thereof. For example, process (recipe) tuning and/oroptimization procedures can include update procedures that can beperformed just before a process (recipe) is executed. Process (recipe)tuning and/or optimization procedures can get update data that can beused to update a process recipe just before a process (recipe) isexecuted. Process (recipe) tuning and/or optimization proceduresdetermine when a wafer gets processed by an updated recipe and whenthere is not enough time to change the recipe before processing thecurrent wafer.

By using real-time tuning and/or optimization data, processes recipes,profiles, and/or models can be updated in real-time, can be performedwith more precision, and more accurate process results can be achieved.In smaller geometry technologies below the 65 nm node, more accurateresults are required. The real-time update data can includerecipe/profile/model tuning parameters, and the optimization/update datacan be fed forward in real-time by a TCD in a RTO, for example.

Material and/or process variations that can affect process recipes,profiles, models, and/or process results can change within a wafer, fromwafer-to-wafer, and from lot-to-lot. These variations can be caused bychanges and/or problems in the lithography subsystem 110, the etchingsubsystem 120, the deposition subsystem 130, the measurement subsystem140, and/or the transfer system 160. Non-uniform films and/ornon-uniform processes can cause problems. In addition, tool-to-toolvariations, chamber-to-chamber variations, and chamber drift can lead toproblems over time. For example, thicknesses and/or uniformities canchange within a wafer, from wafer to wafer, and from lot to lot duringthe etch process due to the nature of using end pointing and sacrificialfilms to control a bottom critical dimension (CD). In addition,thickness and/or temperature variations can cause changes in the opticalproperties and other physical properties.

The latest information from material processing procedures and/ormeasurement procedures obtained just prior to the etching process can befed forward and can be used at the time of etching calculations tooptimize the etching process accuracy and precision. The information canbe passed to an etching and/or metrology tool calculation procedures inreal-time as real-time variable parameters, overriding current modeldefault values and narrowing the search space for resolving accurateresults. Information can be used with a library-based system or inreal-time regression or any combination of both library and real-timeregression to optimize part of the measurement procedure.

A measurement subsystem, such as measurement subsystem 140, can includean integrated Optical Digital Profiling (iODP) system (not shown).Alternatively, other metrology systems may be used. An iODP tool isavailable from Timbre Technologies Inc. (a TEL company). For example,ODP techniques can be used to obtain critical dimension (CD)information, structure profile information, or via profile information,and the wavelength ranges for an iODP system can range from less thanapproximately 200 nm to greater than approximately 900 nm. An exemplaryODP system can include an ODP Profiler Library, a Profiler ApplicationServer (PAS), and ODP Profiler Software. The ODP Profiler Library cancomprise an application specific database of optical spectra and itscorresponding semiconductor profiles, CDs, and film thicknesses. The PAScan comprise at least one computer that connects with optical hardwareand computer network. The PAS handles the data communication, ODPlibrary operation, measurement process, results generation, resultsanalysis, and results output. The ODP Profiler Software includes thesoftware installed on PAS to manage measurement recipe, ODP Profilerlibrary, ODP Profiler data, ODP Profiler results search/match, ODPProfiler results calculation/analysis, data communication, and PASinterface to various metrology tools and computer networks.

A metrology subsystem, such as measurement subsystem 140, can usepolarizing reflectometry, spectroscopic ellipsometry, reflectometry, orother optical measurement techniques to measure accurate deviceprofiles, accurate critical dimensions (CD), and multiple layer filmthickness of a wafer. The integrated metrology process can be executedin-line, which eliminates the need to break the wafer for performing theanalyses or waiting for long periods for data from external tools. ODPtechniques can be used with the existing thin film metrology tools forinline profile and CD measurement, and can be integrated with TELprocessing tools and/or lithography systems to provide real-time processmonitoring and control. An exemplary optical metrology system isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,943,900, entitled GENERATION OF A LIBRARYOF PERIODIC GRATING DIFFRACTION SIGNAL, by Niu, et al., issued on Sep.13, 2005, and is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

An alternative procedure for generating a library ofsimulated-diffraction signals can include using a machine learningsystem (MLS). Prior to generating the library of simulated-diffractionsignals, the MLS is trained using known input and output data. In oneexemplary embodiment, simulated diffraction signals can be generatedusing a machine learning system (MLS) employing a machine learningalgorithm, such as back-propagation, radial basis function, supportvector, kernel regression, and the like. For a more detailed descriptionof machine learning systems and algorithms, see “Neural Networks” bySimon Haykin, Prentice Hall, 1999, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. See also U.S. Patent Publication No.2004/0017574, titled OPTICAL METROLOGY OF STRUCTURES FORMED ONSEMICONDUCTOR WAFERS USING MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEMS, filed on Jun. 27,2003, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

For detailed description of metrology model optimization, refer to U.S.Patent Publication No. 2004/0017574, OPTIMIZED MODEL AND PARAMETERSELECTION FOR OPTICAL METROLOGY, by Vuong, et al., filed Jun. 27, 2002;U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0064280, OPTICAL METROLOGY MODELOPTIMIZATION BASED ON GOALS, by Vuong, et al., filed Sep. 21, 2004; andU.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0209816, OPTICAL METROLOGY OPTIMIZATIONFOR REPETITIVE STRUCTURES, by Vuong, et al., filed on Apr. 27, 2004, allof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

When a regression process is used, a measured diffraction signalmeasured off the patterned structure can be compared to simulateddiffraction signals. The simulated diffraction signals can beiteratively generated based on sets of profile parameters, to get aconvergence value for the set of profile parameters that generates theclosest match simulated diffraction signal compared to the measureddiffraction signal. For a more detailed description of aregression-based process, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,785,638, titled METHOD ANDSYSTEM OF DYNAMIC LEARNING THROUGH A REGRESSION-BASED LIBRARY GENERATIONPROCESS, issued on Aug. 31, 2004, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

When a library-based process is used, an optical metrology data librarycan be generated and/or enhanced using tuned and/or optimized recipes,profiles, and/or models. The optical metrology data library can comprisepairs of simulated diffraction signals and corresponding set of profileparameters. A detailed description of generating optical metrology datasuch as a library of simulated diffraction signals and a correspondingset of profile parameters is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,943,900 whichis incorporated herein by reference.

Controllers, such as 105, 115, 125, 135, or 145, can include APC, R2R,FDC, and/or RTPT procedures that can operate as control strategies,control plans, control models, and/or recipe managers to providerun-to-run (R2R) processing. For example, wafer level context matchingat runtime allows for custom configuration by wafer (state, slot,waferID, lotID, etc.). In addition, feedforward and/or feedback controlcan be implemented by installing TCDs, and configuring controlstrategies, control plans, and control models to use the TCDs. A controlstrategy can be executed for each system process where feedforwardand/or feedback control is implemented. When a system process executes,one or more of the control plans within the control strategy can beexecuted. Each control plan can be used to modify the recipe based onfeed-forward and/or feedback information.

Control and/or analysis strategies/plans can cover multiple processsteps within a wafer processing sequence, and can be used to analyze thereal-time and/or collected data, and establish error conditions. Aprocedure can be executed when a context is matched. During theexecution of an analysis procedure, one or more analysis plans can beexecuted. A plan can create an error when a data failure occurs, anexecution problem occurs, or a control problem occurs. When an erroroccurs, the plan can generate an alarm message; the parent strategystatus can be changed to a failed status; the plan status can be changedto a failed status; and one or more messages can be sent to the alarmlog and the FDC system. When a feedforward plan or a feedback planfails, one or more of the plans in the parent strategy may beterminated, and their status can be changed to a failed status. In onecase, when a defective incoming wafer, or a faulty RTO, or a defectiveTCD is detected, a control plan can detect and/or identify this as afault. A data collection plan and/or analysis plan can reject the dataat one or more of the measurement sites for this wafer or reject thedata because a RTPT, a RTO-related and/or a TCD-related procedure fails.

In one embodiment, a feedforward and/or feedback plan failure may notterminate the strategy or other plans, and an etching and/or ameasurement procedure failure may not terminate the strategy or otherplans. For example, a feedforward plan can indicate a failure when a RTOand/or TCD fail. Successful plans, strategies, etching procedures,and/or measurement procedures do not create any error/alarm messages.Pre-specified failure actions for strategy and/or plan errors can bestored in a database, and can be retrieved from the database when anerror occurs. Failure actions can use the nominal process recipe forthis wafer or use a null process recipe for this wafer. A null recipecan be a control recipe that can be used by a processing tool and/orprocessing chamber to allow a wafer to pass through and/or remain in aprocessing chamber without processing. For example, a null recipe can beused when a process is paused or when a wafer does not requireprocessing. When a RTO and/or TCD fail, the previous data can be used.

In some embodiments, the RTO 127 can use feedforward data received viathe data transfer system 190 to tune and/or optimize an etching process.When a wafer lot is being processed by an etching subsystem 120 afterbeing processed by a lithography subsystem 110, one or more of thewafers can be sent to a measurement subsystem 140. For example, newreal-time measurement data can be created when a wafer is being measuredin the measurement subsystem 140, and newly created measurement data canbe fed forward in real-time from the measurement subsystem 140 to theetching subsystem 120 using formatted messages. One or more of theformatted messages from the measurement subsystem 140 can be exchangedbetween TCD 148 and TCD 128. The TCD 128 can process the formattedmessage and extract new data for the RTO 127. When new data isavailable, the RTO 127 in the etching subsystem 120 can either use thenew data to tune and/or optimize an etching recipe, profile, and/ormodel currently being used for the wafer lot or RTO 127 can use the newdata to tune and/or optimize an etching recipe, profile, and/or modelfor the next wafer lot. When the RTO 127 uses the new data to tuneand/or optimize an etching recipe, an etching profile, and/or an etchingmodel for the wafer lot currently being processed, the RTO 127 candetermine if an etching recipe, an etching profile, and/or an etchingmodel can be updated before the current wafer is processed. The currentwafer is processed using the tuned and/or optimized etching recipe,profile, and/or model when the etching recipe, profile, and/or model canbe updated before the current wafer is processed. The current wafer canbe processed using a non-tuned and/or non-optimized etching recipe,profile, and/or model when the etching recipe cannot be updated beforethe current wafer is processed. When a newly tuned and/or optimizedetching recipe, profile, and/or model are available, an etchingsubsystem and/or etching controller 125 may determine when to use thenewly tuned and/or optimized etching recipe, profile, and/or model. Forexample, RTO 127 can use CD data, thermal data, thickness data,uniformity data, timing data, delay data, or optical properties data, orany combination thereof to tune and/or optimize an etching recipe, anetching profile, and/or an etching model.

In other embodiments, the RTO 147 can use feedforward data received viathe data transfer system 190 to tune and/or optimize a measurementprocess. When a wafer lot is being measured by a measurement subsystem140 after being processed by an etching subsystem 120, one or more ofthe wafers can be sent to a measurement subsystem 140. For example, newreal-time etch processing data can be created when a wafer is beingetched in the etching subsystem 120, and newly created etch processingdata can be fed forward in real-time from the etching subsystem 120 tothe measurement subsystem 140 using formatted messages. One or more ofthe formatted messages from the etching subsystem 120 can be sent fromTCD 128 to TCD 148. The TCD 148 in the measurement subsystem 140 canprocess the formatted message and extract new data for the RTO 147. Whennew data is available, the RTO 147 can either use the new data to tuneand/or optimize a measurement recipe, profile, and/or model currentlybeing used for the wafer lot or RTO 147 can use the new data to tuneand/or optimize a measurement recipe, profile, and/or model for the nextwafer lot.

When the RTO 147 uses the new data to tune and/or optimize a measurementrecipe, profile, and/or model for the wafer lot currently beingprocessed, the RTO 147 can determine if the measurement recipe, profile,and/or model can be updated before the current wafer is measured. Thecurrent wafer can be measured using the tuned and/or optimizedmeasurement recipe, profile, and/or model when the measurement recipe,profile, and/or model can be updated before the current wafer ismeasured. The current wafer can be measured using a non-tuned and/ornon-optimized measurement recipe, profile, and/or model when themeasurement recipe cannot be updated before the current wafer ismeasured. When a newly tuned and/or optimized measurement recipe,profile, and/or model are available, a measurement subsystem 140 and/orassociated controller 145 may determine when to use the newly tunedand/or optimized measurement recipe, profile, and/or model. For example,RTO 147 can use CD data, thermal data, thickness data, uniformity data,or optical properties data, or any combination thereof to tune and/oroptimize a measurement recipe, profile, and/or model.

The measurement subsystem 140 can measure isolated and/or nestedstructures at different times, and the etching subsystem 120 and/or RTO127 can use new measurement data for isolated and/or nested structuresto tune and/or optimize a process chemistry and/or process time. Forexample, wafer thickness or temperature can be different near isolatedand/or nested structures. In addition, wafer thickness or temperaturecan be different near open areas and/or trench array areas.

The measurement subsystem 140 can provide measurement data for damagedlayers, features, and/or structures for different wafers and/or lots,and the etching subsystem 120 and/or RTO 127 can use the measurementdata for damaged layers, features, and/or structures to update, tune,and/or optimize an etching chemistry and/or etching time.

The measurement subsystem 140 can measure mask and/or photoresistfeatures, structures, and/or thicknesses, and the etching subsystem 120and/or RTO 127 can use new measurement data for the mask and/or thephotoresist features, structures, and/or thicknesses to update, tune,and/or optimize a process recipe, a process chemistry, and/or processtime. The measurement subsystem 140 can measure the etched features anduse new process data from the etch process to update, tune, and/oroptimize a measurement recipe.

The etching subsystem 120 can feed forward the end-point detection (EPD)times to the measurement subsystem 140 to improve the wafer filmthickness computation. EPD times can also be used by RTO 127 to update,tune, and/or optimize an etching recipe, by the RTO 147 to update, tune,and/or optimize a measurement recipe and/or library selection, and RTO127 to update, tune, and/or optimize a mask and/or photoresist model, anetching process model, and/or etching tool model.

While a wafer and/or lot is being processed, additional calculated data,simulated data, and/or measured data can be generated, and this data canbe fed forward and/or fed back in real time by the processing system toupdate process, measurement, and/or simulation recipes before thecurrent wafer is processes or before additional wafers in the wafer lotare processed.

When a wafer is measured before an etching process, the pre-etchmeasurement data can be used to narrow the search range of the post-etchmeasurements, and this can increase the accuracy and reduce themeasurement calculation times. An expected measurement value can be fedforward based on pre-etch measurements and etch trim amount. Thesubsystem 110, 120, 130, and 140 can use the most up-to-datepre-processing information obtained from previously performed processesto perform new calculations.

Measurement data from subsystem 140 can include measured diffractionsignals associated with patterned structures or un-patterned structures,and the diffraction signals can be stored using processing state data,and wafer, lot, recipe, site, or wafer location data. RTO data caninclude variables associated with patterned structure profile, metrologydevice type and associated variables, and ranges used for the variablesfloated in the modeling and values of variables that were fixed in themodeling. The library profile data, the feedforward messages, and/ordata may include fixed profile parameters (such as pitch), the N and Kparameters, and/or metrology device parameters (such as angle ofincidence and/or azimuth angle).

In some embodiments, RTPT procedures can use measured diffractionsignals, and the RTPT parameters can include recipe input information,historical data, tuning data, optimization data, library profile data,feedforward data, feedback data, and measured diffraction signal data tocreate, tune and/or optimize an optical metrology recipe, structure,and/or model. Feedback data can include correction data. Recipe data caninclude materials in the layers of the patterned and un-patternedstructures in the stack. Tuning and/or optimization data can includeprofile parameters, material refraction parameters, and metrology deviceparameters that can be used to tune and/or optimize the opticalmetrology recipe, profile, and/or model. RTPT procedures may utilizecontext/identification information such as wafer ID, slot ID, lot ID,recipe, state, and patterned structure ID as a means for organizing andindexing data. Library data can include measured diffraction signalsassociated with devices, wafers, lots, recipes, site or wafer location,patterned and/or un-patterned structures. Metrology data can includevariables associated with patterned structure profile, metrology devicetype and associated variables, and ranges used for the variables floatedin the modeling and values of variables that were fixed in the modeling.RTPT procedures can use feedforward data and/or feedback data todetermine the patterned structure profile, critical dimension, andunderlying thicknesses in real time. RTPT output data can be selectivelytransmitted, stored, displayed, and/or transmitted to another systemand/or subsystem.

Feedforward messages and/or data may include an underlying filmthicknesses, CD, and/or values of one or more profile parameters of thepatterned structure. The underlying film thicknesses, CD, and/or valuesof one or more profile parameters of the patterned structure may be usedby the RTPT procedures to make real-time updates and/or corrections. Thefeedforward messages and/or data may include one or more CDs for apatterned structure that may be used to alter an etching recipe and/or adeposition recipe. The data transmitted to the etching subsystem cancomprise underlying film thicknesses, CD, and/or values of the profileparameters of the patterned structure together with identificationinformation such as wafer identification (ID), slot ID, lot ID, recipe,and patterned structure ID to facilitate retrieval for otherapplications.

In addition, the RTPT procedures may create, tune, and/or optimize alibrary of simulated diffraction signals and the corresponding set ofprofile parameters. The RTPT procedures may create, tune, and/oroptimize a second data set from a trained machine learning system (MLS),and the MLS may be trained with a subset of the library data. Forexample, values for the metrology device parameters, such as angle ofincidence, may be obtained from the vendor specifications of themetrology device, and the values for azimuth angle can be obtained fromthe setup used in the diffraction measurement. Changed and/or updatedvalues can be fed forward using a TCD to improve performance.

Intervention and/or judgment rules can be defined at a strategy level, aplan level, a model level, or a procedure level. Intervention and/orjudgment rules can be assigned to execute whenever a matching context isencountered. When a matching context is encountered at a higher level aswell as a lower level, the intervention and/or judgment rules associatedwith the higher level can be executed. GUI screens (not shown) can beused for defining and maintaining the intervention and/or judgmentrules. Intervention and/or judgment rule definition and assignment canbe controlled by the MES 180. The intervention and/or judgment rules canbe for TCDs, RTOs, and/or RTPT procedures and can be maintained in adatabase. Documentation and help screens can be provided for theintervention and/or judgment rules.

The MES 180 can be configured to monitor some system processes, andfactory level intervention and/or judgment rules can be used todetermine which processes are monitored and which data can be used. Inaddition, factory level intervention and/or judgment rules can be usedto determine how to manage the data when a process can be changed,paused, and/or stopped. In addition, the MES 180 can provide run-timeconfiguration information and real-time update information. Data can beexchanged using GEM SECS communications protocol.

In general, rules allow system and/or tool operation to change based onthe dynamic state of a semiconductor processing system and/or theprocessing state of a product. Some setup and/or configurationinformation can be determined by the processing system subsystems whenthey are initially configured. In addition, rules can be used toestablish a control hierarchy at the system/tool level. Rules can beused to determine when a process can be paused and/or stopped, and whatcan be done when a process is paused and/or stopped. In addition, rulescan be used to determine what corrective actions are to be performed,such as when to change a process, how to change the process, and how tomanage the data.

Exemplary methods of processing a wafer can include receiving one ormore wafers and associated wafer data, and establishing a processingsequence and/or a wafer state for each wafer.

The wafer state can include a sequencing state (SQ_(n,m)) variable thatcan be determined from the processing sequence, where n is the wafernumber and m is the processing sequence number. For example, n and m canbe integers. In some embodiments, the processing sequence may beobtained from a MES and cannot be modified. In other embodiments, avirtual (modifiable) processing sequence may be established, and thesequencing state and/or process start time can be changed by a subsystemcomputer and/or an operator. For example, additional sequence statesaltered start times may be used to establish additional etching steps,to hold wafers while etching steps are being performed, to hold waferswhile calculations are being performed, to route wafers to differenttools when a tool goes off-line, and/or to correct and/or analyze faultconditions. In addition, additional sequence states altered start timesmay be used to hold and/or re-route wafers while feedforward data and/ormessages are created, processed, sent, and/or received, to hold and/orre-route wafers while tuning data and/or tuned data and/or messages arecreated, processed, sent, and/or received, and/or to hold and/orre-route wafers while optimization and/or optimized data and/or messagesare created, processed, sent, and/or received.

For example, a wafer can be sent to a lithography subsystem 110 when thesequencing state is a first value (SQ1); a wafer can be sent to an etchsubsystem 120 when the sequencing state is a second value (SQ2); a wafercan be sent to a deposition subsystem 130 when the sequencing state is athird value (SQ3); a wafer can be sent to a measurement subsystem 140when the sequencing state is a fourth value (SQ4); a wafer can be sentto an external measurement system 150 when the sequencing state is afifth value (SQ5); and a wafer can be sent to a transfer subsystem 160when the sequencing state is a sixth value (SQ6). Alternatively, otherconfigurations may be used.

In addition, the wafer state can include a tuned variable (TV_(n,m)), anoptimized variable (OV_(n,m)), an updated variable (UV_(n,m)) a measuredvariable (MV_(n,m)), a processed variable (PV_(n,m)), and a delay timevariable (DTV_(n,m)), where n is the wafer number and m is a processingsequence number. The tuned variable (TV_(n,m)) is a first value “true”when the wafer has been tuned and is a second value “false” when thewafer has not been tuned, the optimized variable (OV_(n,m)) is a firstvalue “true” when the wafer has been optimized and is a second value“false” when the wafer has not been optimized, the updated variable(UV_(n,m)) is a first value “true” when the wafer has been updated andis a second value “false” when the wafer has not been updated, themeasured variable (MV_(n,m)) is a first value “true” when the wafer hasbeen measured and is a second value “false” when the wafer has not beenmeasured, and the processed variable (PV_(n,m)) is a first value “true”when the wafer has been processed and is a second value “false” when thewafer has not been processed. A delay time variable (DTV_(n,m)) can beused to delay wafer sequencing, calculations, processes, and/ormeasurements. Alternatively, the wafer state may be characterized usingdifferent and/or additional variables.

When a feed-forward state is a first value “true”, the feedforward dataand/or messages can be fed forward, and when the feedforward state is asecond value “false”, the feedforward data and/or messages are not fedforward. When a pass-through state is a first value “true”, pass-throughdata and/or messages can be passed through, and when the pass-throughstate is a second value “false”, pass-through data and/or messages arenot passed through.

When a RTPT state is a first value “true”, a RTPT procedure can beperformed, and when the RTPT state is a second value “false”, a RTPTprocedure is not performed. When an optimization state is a first value“true”, an optimization procedure can be performed, and when theoptimization state is a second value “false”, an optimization procedureis not performed.

When the update state is the first value, a process can be updated usingthe tuned data and/or optimized data before the current wafer isprocessed, the current wafer can be processed using the updated process,and updated process result data can be established for the processedwafer. When the update state is the second value, a process cannot beupdated using the tuned data and/or optimized data before the currentwafer is processed, the current wafer is processed using a non-updatedprocess, and non-updated process result data can be established for theprocessed wafer.

Input and output messages can include fault messages, response messages,error messages, feedforward messages, feedback messages, pass-throughmessages, internal messages, external messages, tuning messages,optimization messages, status messages, timing messages, process resultsmessages, and/or other messages.

In various embodiments, one or more input messages can be receivedand/or processed by one or more subsystems (110, 120, 130, 140, and160), by one or more controllers (105, 115, 125, 135, and 145), by oneor more RTOs (117, 127, 137, and 147), or by one or more TCDs (118, 128,138, and 148), or any combination thereof. In addition, one or moreoutput messages can be created and/or sent by one or more subsystems(110, 120, 130, 140, and 160), by one or more controllers (105, 115,125, 135, and 145), by one or more RTOs (117, 127, 137, and 147), or byone or more TCDs (118, 128, 138, and 148), or any combination thereof.

In addition, messages can include real-time command, calculation, and/oroverride information. Real-time processing and/or measurement dataobtained just prior to the next process step can be fed forward and canbe used before the next process is performed to delay the process, tocalculate new process parameters, and to improve the process accuracyand precision. The real-time data can be passed to a processing tool asRTPT procedure variables/parameters, can be used to override currentrecipe data, profile, and/or model default values, to override currentsequencing state data, to override current start times, and can be usedto narrow the search space for determining recipes, profiles, and/ormodels and their associated accuracy limits.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of system in accordancewith embodiments of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, system200 is shown comprising a Real-Time Optimizer (RTO) 210 that can includea real-time process optimizer 220, a real-time profile optimizer 230,and a real-time model optimizer 240. Alternatively, a real-time processoptimizer 220, a real-time profile optimizer 230, or a real-time modeloptimizer 240, or any combination thereof may not be required, and/orthe RTO 210 may be configured differently. One or more RTOs can beestablished when a system is configured and/or changed. For example,RTOs may be controlled by a MES (host) computer, by a processing systemcomputer, and/or by a processing subsystem computer.

The real-time process optimizer 220 can be coupled 222 to a datatransfer system 290, the real-time profile optimizer 230 can be coupled232 to a data transfer system 290, and the real-time model optimizer 240can be coupled 242 to the data transfer system 290. Alternatively, thereal-time process optimizer 220, the real-time profile optimizer 230,the real-time model optimizer 240, and the data transfer system 290 maybe configured and/or coupled differently. The real-time processoptimizer 220, the real-time profile optimizer 230, the real-time modeloptimizer 240, and/or the data transfer system 290 can comprisehardware, firmware, or software, or any combination thereof. The datatransfer system 290 can be coupled to other devices (not shown) using alink 291.

The RTO 210 can include a first TCD 225 that can be coupled to the datatransfer system 290 using a link 228, can be coupled to the real-timeprocess optimizer 220 using a link 227, and can be coupled 224 to thedata transfer system 290. RTO 210 can include a second TCD 235 that canbe coupled to the data transfer system 290 using a link 238, can becoupled to the real-time profile optimizer 230 using a link 237, and canbe coupled 234 to the data transfer system 290. RTO 210 can include athird TCD 245 that can be coupled to the data transfer system 290 usinga link 248, can be coupled to the real-time model optimizer 240 using alink 247, and can be coupled 244 to the data transfer system 290. Thefirst TCD 225, the second TCD 235, and/or the third TCD 245 can comprisehardware, firmware, or software, or any combination thereof.

In various embodiments, one or more input messages can be receivedand/or processed by the RTO 210, and one or more output messages can becreated and/or sent by the RTO 210. The RTO 210 can create internalmessages that can include real-time feedforward messages and/or data.The RTO 210 can send internal messages and receive responses to theinternal messages in real-time, and can send output messages, andreceive responses to the output messages in real time, and can create,process, send and/or receive other messages in real time. For example,one or more real-time optimizers (220, 230, and 240) and/or one or moreTCDs (225, 235, and 245) may use internal messages. In addition,internal messages can include real-time feedforward data, historicaldata, input data, output data, priority data, delay data, fault data,response data, error data, feedforward data, feedback data, pass-throughdata, internal data, external data, tuning and/or tuned data,optimization and/or optimized data, status data, timing data, processresults data, and/or measured data.

The first TCD 225, the second TCD 235, and/or the third TCD 245 canreceive in real-time input messages that can include real-timefeedforward messages and/or real-time pass-through messages from the MES280 and/or other devices using data transfer system 290. The first TCD225 can process a first input message in real time and can feed forwarda first real-time feedforward message to the real-time process optimizer220 using a link 227 when the first input message includes a firstreal-time feedforward message. In addition, the first TCD 225 canprocess the first input message in real time and can pass-through afirst real-time pass-through message to the data transfer system 290using a link 224 when the first input message includes a first real-timepass-through message. The second TCD 235 can process a second inputmessage in real time and can feedforward a second real-time feedforwardmessage to the real-time profile optimizer 230 using a link 237 when thesecond input messages includes a second real-time feedforward message.In addition, the second TCD 235 can process the second input message inreal time and can pass-through a second real-time pass-through messageto the data transfer system 290 using a link 234 when the second inputmessage includes a second real-time pass-through message. The third TCD245 can process a third input message in real time and can feedforward athird real-time feedforward message to the real-time model optimizer 240using a link 247 when the third input messages includes a thirdreal-time feedforward message. In addition, the third TCD 245 canprocess the third input message in real time and can pass-through athird real-time pass-through message to the data transfer system 290using a link 244 when the third input message includes a third real-timepass-through message.

In other embodiments, the real-time process optimizer 220, the real-timeprofile optimizer 230, or the real-time model optimizer 240, or anycombination thereof can receive in real-time input messages that caninclude real-time feedforward messages and/or real-time pass-throughmessages from the MES 280 and/or other devices using data transfersystem 290. The real-time process optimizer 220 can process a firstinput message in real time and can feedforward a first real-timefeedforward message to the first TCD 225 using a link 227 when the firstinput messages includes a first real-time feedforward message. Inaddition, the real-time process optimizer 220 can process the firstinput message in real time and can pass-through a first real-timepass-through message to the data transfer system 290 using a link 222when the first input message includes a first real-time pass-throughmessage. The real-time profile optimizer 230 can process a second inputmessage in real time and can feedforward a second real-time feedforwardmessage to the second TCD 235 using a link 237 when the second inputmessage includes a second real-time feedforward message. In addition,the real-time profile optimizer 230 can process the second input messagein real time and can pass-through a second real-time pass-throughmessage to the data transfer system 290 using a link 232 when the secondinput message includes a second real-time pass-through message. Thereal-time model optimizer 240 can process a third input message in realtime and can feedforward a third real-time feedforward message to thethird TCD 245 using a link 247 when the third input messages includes athird real-time feedforward message. In addition, the real-time modeloptimizer 240 can process the third input message in real time and canpass-through a third real-time pass-through message to the data transfersystem 290 using a link 242 when the third input message includes athird real-time pass-through message. Furthermore, the real-time processoptimizer 220, the real-time profile optimizer 230, or the real-timemodel optimizer 240, or any combination thereof can generate and sendoutput messages in response to the input messages.

In other embodiments, the real-time process optimizer 220, the real-timeprofile optimizer 230, and/or the real-time model optimizer 240 canreceive, process, and/or send non-optimized and/or un-tuned data in realtime.

The real-time process optimizer 220 can process one or more inputmessages in real time and can use the tuning and/or optimization datafrom the one or more input messages in a tuning and/or optimizationprocedure thereby creating tuned and/or optimized process recipes. Thereal-time process optimizer 220 can feedforward one or more real-timefeedforward messages to the first TCD 225 using a link 227, and the oneor more real-time feedforward messages can include real-time tunedand/or optimized process recipes. In addition, the real-time processoptimizer 220 can process one or more input messages in real time, canpass-through other messages to the first TCD 225 using a link 227,and/or can pass-through other messages (other than feed forwardmessages) to the data transfer system 290 using a link 222, when aninput message includes other messages. Furthermore, the real-timeprocess optimizer 220 can generate and send output messages in responseto the input messages.

In some embodiments, the tuning and/or optimization data can includelayer fabrication information. For example, the real-time processoptimizer 220 can process one or more input messages in real time andcan use real-time wafer thickness data, n&k data and/or real time wafertemperature data from the one or more input messages in a RTPT procedureto tune and/or optimize etching recipe data. The real-time processoptimizer 220 can feedforward one or more real-time feedforward messagesto the first TCD 225 using a link 227, and the one or more real-timefeedforward messages can include the real-time tuned and/or optimizedetching recipe data, and/or can pass-through other messages to the firstTCD 225 using a link 227. For example, other messages may includehistorical, setup and/or configuration data._When the first TCD 225receives the feedforward messages and/or other messages from thereal-time process optimizer 220, the first TCD 225 can process in realtime the feedforward messages and/or the other messages into feedforwardmessages and pass-through messages that can be sent to the MES 280and/or other subsystems using data transfer system 290.

Alternatively, the real-time process optimizer 220 can feed forward thetuned and/or optimized etching recipe data to the first TCD 225 using alink 227, and/or can pass-through other messages to the first TCD 225using a link 227. When the first TCD 225 receives the tuned and/oroptimized etching recipe data from the real-time process optimizer 220,the first TCD 225 can process the tuned and/or optimized etching recipedata into feedforward messages and pass-through messages that can besent in real time to the MES 280 and/or other subsystems using datatransfer system 290.

The real-time profile optimizer 230 can process one or more inputmessages in real time and can use the tuning and/or optimization datafrom the one or more input messages in a tuning and/or optimizationprocedure thereby creating tuned and/or optimized profile data. Thereal-time profile optimizer 230 can feedforward one or more real-timefeedforward messages to the first TCD 225 using a link 227, and the oneor more real-time feedforward messages can include real-time tunedand/or optimized profile data. In addition, the real-time profileoptimizer 230 can process one or more input messages in real time, canpass-through other messages (messages not required by the real-timeprofile optimizer 230) to the second TCD 235 using a link 237, and/orcan pass-through other messages to the data transfer system 290 using alink 232, when an input message includes other messages. Furthermore,the real-time profile optimizer 230 can generate and send outputmessages in response to the input messages.

For example, the real-time profile optimizer 230 can process one or moreinput messages in real time and can use real-time wafer thickness data,n&k data and/or real-time wafer temperature data from the one or moreinput messages in a RTPT procedure to create tuned and/or optimizedprofile data. The real-time profile optimizer 230 can feedforward one ormore real-time feedforward messages to the second TCD 235 using a link237, and the one or more real-time feedforward messages can include thereal-time tuned and/or optimized profile data, and/or can pass-throughother messages (messages not required by the real-time profile optimizer230) to the second TCD 235 using a link 237. When the second TCD 235receives the feedforward messages and/or other messages from thereal-time process optimizer 220, the second TCD 235 can process in realtime the feedforward messages and/or the other messages into feedforwardmessages and pass-through messages that can be sent to the MES 280and/or other subsystems using data transfer system 290.

Alternatively, the real-time profile optimizer 230 can feed forwardtuned and/or optimized profile data to the second TCD 235 using a link237, and/or can pass-through other messages to the second TCD 235 usinga link 237. When the second TCD 235 receives the tuned and/or optimizedprofile data from the real-time profile optimizer 230, the second TCD235 can process the tuned and/or optimized profile data into feedforwardmessages and pass-through messages that can be sent in real time to theMES 280 and/or other subsystems using data transfer system 290.

The real-time model optimizer 240 can process one or more input messagesin real time and can use the tuning and/or optimization data from theone or more input messages in a tuning and/or optimization procedurethereby creating tuned and/or optimized modeling data. The real-timemodel optimizer 240 can feedforward one or more real-time feedforwardmessages to the third TCD 245 using a link 247, and the one or morereal-time feedforward messages can include the tuned and/or optimizedmodeling data. In addition, the real-time model optimizer 240 canprocess one or more input messages in real time, can pass-through othermessages (messages not required by the real-time profile optimizer 240)to the third TCD 245 using a link 247, and/or can pass-through othermessages to the data transfer system 290 using a link 232, when an inputmessage includes other messages. Furthermore, the real-time modeloptimizer 240 can generate and send output messages in response to theinput messages.

For example, the real-time model optimizer 240 can process one or moreinput messages in real time and can use real-time wafer thickness data,n&k data and/or real-time wafer temperature data from the one or moreinput messages in a RTPT procedure to create tuned and/or modeling data.The real-time model optimizer 240 can feedforward one or more real-timefeedforward messages to the third TCD 245 using a link 247, and the oneor more real-time feedforward messages can include the real-time tunedand/or optimized modeling data, and/or can pass-through other messages(messages not required by the real-time profile optimizer 240) to thethird TCD 245 using a link 247. When the third TCD 245 receives thefeedforward messages and/or other messages from the real-time modeloptimizer 240, the third TCD 245 can process in real time thefeedforward messages and/or the other messages into feedforward messagesand pass-through messages that can be sent to the MES 280 and/or othersubsystems using data transfer system 290.

Alternatively, the real-time model optimizer 240 can feed forward tunedand/or optimized modeling data to the third TCD 245 using a link 247,and/or can pass-through other messages to the third TCD 245 using a link247. When the third TCD 245 receives tuned and/or optimized modelingdata from the real-time model optimizer 240, the third TCD 245 canprocess the tuned and/or optimized modeling data into feedforwardmessages and pass-through messages that can be sent in real time to theMES 280 and/or other subsystems using data transfer system 290.

Single TCDs 225, 235, 245 are shown, and single links 227, 237, 247,228, 238, and 248 are shown, but this is not required for the invention.In other embodiments, any number of TCDs can be used, and any number oflinks can be used. Alternatively, an RTO may not include any TCDs, orTCDs can be configured outside of the RTO. Links 222, 224, 227, 228,232, 234, 237, 238, 242, 244, 247, and 248 can be high-speed links thatcan be used to exchange data and/or formatted messages.

In addition, the system 200 can include another TCD 250 that can becoupled to a data transfer system 290 using a first link 252 and asecond link 254. For example, the first link 252 and/or the second link254 can be a high-speed link configured to feed forward real-time data.A single TCD 250 is shown, and single links 252, 254 are shown, but thisis not required for the invention. In other embodiments, any number ofTCDs can be used, and any number of links can be used. The TCDs can becoupled in series and/or in parallel and can have one or more inputports and/or one or more output ports. TCDs can be coupled to each otherand to other devices using intranet, internet, and/or wirelessconnections. TCDs can be connected to one or more input devices and/oroutput devices in one or more subsystems using the data transfer system290. Alternatively, TCDs can be coupled directly to subsystems and/or bepart of a subsystem as shown in FIG. 1. As also seen in FIG. 2, a MES280 can be coupled 282 to a data transfer system 290.

The real-time process optimizer 220, the real-time profile optimizer230, and/or the real-time model optimizer 240 can utilize contextinformation such as time, wafer ID, slot ID, lot ID, recipe, andpatterned structure ID as a means for organizing and indexing real-timeand/or historical data.

The real-time process optimizer 220 can use wafer data, models, recipes,and profile data to tune and/or optimize a process, such as an etchingprocess, a deposition process, a measurement process, an exposureprocess, a development process, a thermal process, a cleaning process,or a transfer process, or any combination thereof. The real-time processoptimizer 220 can use a wafer model, an accuracy model, a recipe model,an optical properties model, a structure model, a FDC model, aprediction model, a confidence model, a measurement model, an etchingmodel, a deposition model, a first wafer effect model, a chamber model,a tool model, a drift model, a delay time model, an electricalperformance model, or a device model, or any combination thereof. Inaddition, the real-time process optimizer 220 can use historical data,wafer data, accuracy data, process data, optical properties data,structure data, FDC data, prediction data, confidence data, measurementdata, etching data, chamber data, tool data, drift data, electricalperformance data, or device data, or any combination thereof.

The real-time profile optimizer 230 can use wafer data, accuracy data,process data, optical properties data, structure data, FDC data,prediction data, confidence data, measurement data, etching data,chamber data, tool data, or drift data, or any combination thereof toestimate, enhance, tune, and/or optimize a profile, feature, structure,a pattern, a target, or a layer, or any combination thereof.

The real-time model optimizer 240 can be used to create, enhance, tune,and/or optimize a wafer model, an accuracy model, a recipe model, anoptical properties model, a structure model, a FDC model, a predictionmodel, a confidence model, a measurement model, an etching model, achamber model, a tool model, or a drift model, an electrical performancemodel, or any combination thereof.

A real-time process optimizer 220, a real-time profile optimizer 230,and/or a real-time model optimizer 240 can perform RTPT procedures usingfeedforward messages and/or data. The feedforward data can be updated ona within-wafer basis, on a wafer-to-wafer basis, and/or on a lot-to-lotbasis. One or more RTPT parameters can be used in real time to create,enhance, tune, and/or optimize a recipe, a profile estimate, and/ormodel. Processing and/or material variations affecting the opticalproperties can change across a wafer, wafer-to-wafer,process-to-process, lot-to-lot.

The RTPT parameters can include layer information that can include layerthickness data. For example, thickness data may be provided after adeposition process, and many current factory systems do not includeprocedures for communicating such information to the measurementsubsystem. By feed forwarding real-time wafer temperature, layerthickness and/or other wafer characteristics data to a measurementand/or processing subsystem, improved wafer processing is provided.Material variations and/or process variations that affect the watertemperature and/or layer thicknesses can change across a wafer, fromwafer to wafer, and from lot to lot. For example, thickness variationcan be due to a deposition process not being uniform across the wafer,and this can include chamber-to-chamber variations and chamber drift inprocessing over time. Thickness variations can cause optical propertyvariations and/or thermal variations to occur.

In some examples, thickness variation can be due to a Chemical VaporDeposition (CVD) or spin on process. New thickness data can be obtainedafter a CVD process, and the new thickness data can be obtained from ameasurement process or a simulation process. In addition, thicknessvariation can be due to a Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) or otherpolishing process. New thickness data can be obtained after a CMPprocess, and the new thickness data can be obtained from a measurementprocess or a simulation process.

In other examples, thickness and/or thermal variation can occur becauseof an etching and/or ashing process. New thickness and/or thermal datacan be obtained after an etching and/or ashing process, and the newthickness and/or thermal data can be obtained from a measurement processor a simulation process. Film properties can change across a wafer andfrom wafer to wafer during the etch process when EPD (end pointdetection) and/or sacrificial films are used to control a bottom CD(critical dimension). The deposition and/or etching of a film can changethe optical properties, thermal properties and/or physical properties.

The RTO 210 can use real-time wafer thickness and/or temperature data tocreate tuned lithography data when the RTPT state is the first value,and the sequencing state is the first value (SQ1); can use real-timewafer thickness and/or temperature data to create optimized lithographydata when the optimization state is the first value, and the sequencingstate is the first value (SQ1); can feed forward the tuned lithographydata and/or the optimized lithography data when the feedforward state isthe first value; and/or can pass-through the tuned lithography dataand/or the optimized lithography data when the pass-through state is thefirst value. The tuned lithography data can include tuned recipe data,tuned profile data, or tuned modeling data, or any combination thereof.The optimized lithography data can include optimized recipe data,optimized profile data, or optimized modeling data, or any combinationthereof.

When the wafer is sent to the lithography subsystem, the wafer can beprocessed by the lithography subsystem using the tuned lithography dataand/or optimized lithography data when the update state is the firstvalue, and updated lithography process result data can be establishedfor the processed wafer. The wafer can be processed using non-updatedprocedures when the update state is the second value, and non-updatedprocess result data can be established for the processed wafer. Forexample, when the update state is the first value, the tuned lithographydata and/or the optimized lithography data can be used by thelithography subsystem to update a procedure before the wafer isprocessed and the current wafer can be processed by the lithographysubsystem using the updated procedure, and when the update state is thesecond value, the tuned lithography data and/or the optimizedlithography data cannot be used by the lithography subsystem to update aprocedure before the wafer is processed by the lithography subsystem andthe wafer can be processed using a non-updated procedure.

The RTO 210 can use real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&kdata to create tuned etching data when the RTPT state is the firstvalue, and the sequencing state is the second value (SQ2); can usereal-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to createoptimized etching data when the optimization state is the first value,and the sequencing state is the second value (SQ2); can feed forward thetuned etching data and/or the optimized etching data when thefeedforward state is the first value; and/or can pass-through the tunedetching data and/or the optimized etching data when the pass-throughstate is the first value. The tuned etching data can include tunedrecipe data, tuned profile data, or tuned modeling data, or anycombination thereof. The optimized etching data can include optimizedrecipe data, optimized profile data, or optimized modeling data, or anycombination thereof.

When the wafer is sent to the etching subsystem, the wafer can beprocessed by the etching subsystem using the tuned etching data and/oroptimized etching data when the update state is the first value, andupdated process result data can be established for the processed wafer.The wafer can be processed using non-updated procedures when the updatestate is the second value, and non-updated process result data can beestablished for the processed wafer. For example, when the update stateis the first value, the tuned etching data and/or the optimized etchingdata can be used by the etching subsystem to update a procedure beforethe wafer is processed and the current wafer can be processed by theetching subsystem using the updated procedure, and when the update stateis the second value, the tuned etching data and/or the optimized etchingdata cannot be used by the etching subsystem to update a procedurebefore the wafer is processed by the etching subsystem and the wafer canbe processed using a non-updated procedure.

The RTO 210 can use real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&kdata to create tuned deposition data when the RTPT state is the firstvalue, and the sequencing state is the third value (SQ3); can usereal-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to createoptimized deposition data when the optimization state is the firstvalue, and the sequencing state is the third value (SQ3); can feedforward the tuned deposition data and/or the optimized deposition datawhen the feedforward state is the first value; and/or can pass-throughthe tuned deposition data and/or the optimized deposition data when thepass-through state is the first value. The tuned deposition data caninclude tuned recipe data, tuned profile data, or tuned modeling data,or any combination thereof. The optimized deposition data can includeoptimized recipe data, optimized profile data, or optimized modelingdata, or any combination thereof.

When the wafer is sent to the deposition subsystem, the wafer can beprocessed by the deposition subsystem using the tuned deposition dataand/or optimized deposition data when the update state is the firstvalue, and updated deposition data can be established for the processedwafer. The wafer can be processed using non-updated procedures when theupdate state is the second value, and non-updated measurement data canbe established for the measured wafer. For example, when the updatestate is the first value, the tuned deposition data and/or the optimizeddeposition data can be used by the deposition subsystem to update aprocedure before the wafer is processed and the current wafer can beprocessed by the deposition subsystem using the updated procedure, andwhen the update state is the second value, the tuned deposition dataand/or the optimized deposition data cannot be used by the depositionsubsystem to update a procedure before the wafer is processed by thedeposition subsystem and the wafer can be processed using a non-updatedprocedure.

The RTO 210 can use real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&kdata to create tuned measurement data when the RTPT state is the firstvalue, and the sequencing state is the fourth value (SQ4); can usereal-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to createoptimized measurement data when the optimization state is the firstvalue, and the sequencing state is the fourth value (SQ4); can feedforward the tuned measurement data and/or the optimized measurement datawhen the feedforward state is the first value; and/or can pass-throughthe tuned measurement data and/or the optimized measurement data whenthe pass-through state is the first value. The tuned measurement datacan include tuned recipe data, tuned profile data, or tuned modelingdata, or any combination thereof. The optimized measurement data caninclude optimized recipe data, optimized profile data, or optimizedmodeling data, or any combination thereof.

When the wafer is sent to the measurement subsystem, the wafer can bemeasured by the measurement subsystem using the tuned measurement dataand/or optimized measurement data when the update state is the firstvalue, and updated measurement data can be established for the measuredwafer. The wafer can be measured using non-updated procedures when theupdate state is the second value, and non-updated measurement data canbe established for the measured wafer. For example, when the updatestate is the first value, the tuned measurement data and/or theoptimized measurement data can be used by the measurement subsystem toupdate a procedure before the wafer is measured and the current wafercan be measured by the measurement subsystem using the updatedprocedure, and when the update state is the second value, the tunedmeasurement data and/or the optimized measurement data cannot be used bythe measurement subsystem to update a procedure before the wafer ismeasured by the measurement subsystem and the wafer can be measuredusing a non-updated procedure.

The RTO 210 can use real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&kdata to create tuned external measurement data when the RTPT state isthe first value, and the sequencing state is the fifth value (SQ5); canuse real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to createoptimized external measurement data when the optimization state is thefirst value, and the sequencing state is the fifth value (SQ5); canfeedforward the tuned external measurement data and/or the optimizedexternal measurement data when the feedforward state is the first value;and/or can pass-through the tuned external measurement data and/or theoptimized external measurement data when the pass-through state is thefirst value. The tuned external measurement data can include tunedrecipe data, tuned profile data, or tuned modeling data, or anycombination thereof. The optimized external measurement data can includeoptimized recipe data, optimized profile data, or optimized modelingdata, or any combination thereof.

When the wafer is sent to the external measurement subsystem, the wafercan be measured by the external measurement subsystem using the tunedexternal measurement data and/or optimized external measurement datawhen the update state is the first value, and updated externalmeasurement data can be established for the measured wafer. The wafercan be measured using non-updated procedures when the update state isthe second value, and non-updated external measurement data can beestablished for the measured wafer. For example, when the update stateis the first value, the tuned external measurement data and/or theoptimized external measurement data can be used by the externalmeasurement subsystem to update a procedure before the wafer is measuredand the current wafer can be measured by the external measurementsubsystem using the updated procedure, and when the update state is thesecond value, the tuned external measurement data and/or the optimizedexternal measurement data cannot be used by the external measurementsubsystem to update a procedure before the wafer is measured by theexternal measurement subsystem and the wafer can be measured using anon-updated procedure.

The RTO 210 can use real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&kdata to create tuned alignment data when the RTPT state is the firstvalue, and the sequencing state is the sixth value (SQ6); can usereal-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to createoptimized alignment data when the optimization state is the first value,and the sequencing state is the sixth value (SQ6); can feedforward thetuned alignment data and/or the optimized alignment data when thefeedforward state is the first value; and/or can pass-through the tunedalignment data and/or the optimized alignment data when the pass-throughstate is the first value. The tuned alignment data can include tunedrecipe data, tuned profile data, or tuned modeling data, or anycombination thereof. The optimized alignment data can include optimizedrecipe data, optimized profile data, or optimized modeling data, or anycombination thereof.

Alternatively, a wafer can be stored temporally in the transfersubsystem 160 when the sequencing state is the sixth value (SQ6) andwhen delay time is required or an error has occurred. In addition, awafer can be stored temporally in another subsystem when delay time isrequired or an error has occurred. For example, short delay times may beused to allow more time for feedforward messages and/or data to becreated, processed, sent, and/or received.

When the wafer is sent to the transfer subsystem, the wafer can beprocessed by the transfer subsystem using the tuned alignment dataand/or optimized alignment data when the update state is the firstvalue, and updated process result data can be established for theprocessed wafer. The wafer can be processed using non-updated procedureswhen the update state is the second value, and non-updated processresult data can be established for the processed wafer. For example,when the update state is the first value, the tuned alignment dataand/or the optimized alignment data can be used by the transfersubsystem to update a procedure before the wafer is processed and thecurrent wafer can be processed by the transfer subsystem using theupdated procedure, and when the update state is the second value, thetuned alignment data and/or the optimized alignment data cannot be usedby the transfer subsystem to update a procedure before the wafer isprocessed by the transfer subsystem and the wafer can be processed usinga non-updated procedure.

The MES can collect data including measured, processing, historical, andreal-time data, can establish the wafer state, and can create and sendoutput messages that can include real-time feedforward messages and/ordata. Alternatively, a subsystem can collect data including set-up data,configuration data, historical data, input data, output data, prioritydata, delay data, fault data, response data, error data, feedforwarddata, feedback data, pass-through data, internal data, external data,tuning and/or tuned data, optimization and/or optimized data, statusdata, timing data, process results data, and/or measured data, canchange the wafer state, and can create real-time feedforward messagesand/or data.

A transfer subsystem (160 FIG. 1) can be used to receive and/or store aplurality of wafers. A controller can be used to select a wafer from theplurality of wafers, and the controller can use wafer state data and theprocessing sequence data from the MES.

Formatted messages can be parsed to create the output messages, theinternal messages, or the real-time feedforward messages. For example, aTCD can parse the formatted message, can remove data targeted for theetching subsystem, and can reconstruct a message compatible with theprocessing system.

The real-time wafer data and/or process data can include bottom CD data,middle CD data, top CD data, or angle data, or any combination thereofand the processing system can comprise an etching tool and the etchingtool uses the real-time wafer state and/or process state data todetermine an etching time to use when etching a deep trench on thewafer, to determine an etching time to use when etching a dual damascenestructure on the wafer, to determine an etching time to use when etchinga gate structure on the wafer.

A RTO and/or TCD can be coupled to another TCD, to another RTO, anexternal processing tool, or an external measurement tool, or anycombination thereof. A RTO and/or TCD can be used to translate from XMLto SML, or from SML to XML, or any combination thereof.

Furthermore, one or more of the TCDs (225, 235, and 245) in the RTO 210can generate and send output messages in response to the input messages.

The RTPT parameters can include layer information. In some embodiments,the RTPT parameters can include real-time wafer thickness, temperatureand/or n&k data. In one example, real-time wafer thickness anduniformity data may be provided to a measurement subsystem after adeveloping process. Material variations and/or process variations thatoccur during and/or after the development process can affect the layerproperties and can change across a wafer, wafer-to-wafer,process-to-process, lot-to-lot. In a second example, real-time waferthickness and uniformity data may be provided to a measurement subsystemafter an etching process. Material variations and/or process variationsthat occur during and/or after the etching process can affect thephysical properties and can change across a wafer, wafer-to-wafer,process-to-process, lot-to-lot. In another example, real-time waferthickness and uniformity data may be provided to a measurement subsystemafter a deposition process. Material variations and/or processvariations that occur during and/or after the deposition process canaffect the wafer thickness and/or uniformity and can change across awafer, wafer-to-wafer, process-to-process, lot-to-lot.

For example, many current factory systems do not include procedures forcommunicating wafer layer information to the measurement subsystem afterthe wafer is processed. Layer variations caused by a wafer process maynot be uniform across the wafer, due to, for example, chamber-to-chambervariations, processing times, processing chemistries, and chamber driftover time.

The new thickness data may be used by a real-time process optimizer 220to update, tune, and/or optimize an etching recipe by using thethickness variations to establish new etching times and/or re-prioritizethe end-point timing. The new thickness data may be used by a real-timeprofile optimizer 230 to reduce a search range associated with profilespecific etching recipes and improve the accuracy of the etchingprocess. The new thickness data may be used by a real-time modeloptimizer 240 to update an etching and/or chamber model by over-ridingthe current and/or default model values.

Real-time data from material processing procedures obtained just priorto the next process step can be fed forward and can be used before thenext process is performed to calculate new process parameters to improvethe process accuracy and precision. The real-time data can be passed toa processing tool as RTPT procedure variables/parameters, can be used tooverride current recipe, profile, and/or model default values, and canbe used to narrow the search space for determining recipes, profiles,and/or models and their associated accuracy limits.

When the sequencing state is the first value (SQ1), a wafer can be sentto a lithography subsystem 110, and process data that can includereal-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data can be obtainedwhen a wafer is being processed. Some of the process data from thelithography subsystem can be fed forward to one or more other subsystemsthat will perform subsequent processes.

RTO 210 can be used to prevent the feedforward messages and/or data frombeing sent until the recipient is ready to use the feedforward messagesand/or data. In one example, before messages and/or data are sent, therecipient can be sent test messages, and the recipient can send backresponse messages that can include status data. In other examples, theRTO can wait a pre-determined length of time, or can obtain delay timedata from a response message.

Delay time variables can be used to delay wafers, calculations,processes, and/or measurements. For example, delay times can be used toprevent feedforward data from arriving before it can be used bycalculations, processes, and/or measurements for the current wafer.Delay times can be determined by a wafer state, a sequencing state, aMES, a controller, and/or a subsystem. Delay time variables can be usedby one or more of the real-time optimizers (220, 230, and/or 240),and/or one or more of the TCDs (225, 235, and 245) in the RTO 210.

One or more RTOs can be configured inside or outside the measurementsubsystem and/or the processing subsystem. For example, when a RTO isseparated from a subsystem, a feedforward state value can be used tocontrol the inputs to the RTO and an update state value can be used tocontrol the outputs from the RTO to the subsystem. For example, when thefeedforward state is the first value, a RTPT and/or optimized procedurecan be created before the wafer is processed, and when the feedforwardstate is the second value, the processing procedure cannot be tunedand/or optimized before the wafer is processed. When the feedforwardstate is the first value, tuning data and/or optimization data can befed forward to the RTO before the wafer is processed, and when thefeedforward state is the second value, the tuning and/or optimizationdata cannot be fed forward to the RTO before the wafer is processed.When the update state is the first value, the tuned and/or optimizeddata created by the RTO can be fed forward from the RTO to the subsystemand can be used to process the wafer, and when update state is thesecond value the tuned and/or optimized data cannot be used to processthe wafer.

Some procedures can include processing the wafer using an optimizedprocessing when the optimization state is the first value; identifyingthe processed wafer as an optimized wafer by changing the wafer statefor the wafer; and identifying processing data associated with theoptimized wafer as optimized processing data. In addition, the wafer canbe processed using a non-optimized processing procedure when theoptimization state is a second value; the processed wafer can beidentified as a non-optimized wafer by changing the wafer state for thewafer; and the processing data associated with the non-optimized wafercan be identified as non-optimized processing data.

The wafer can be processed using a tuned processing procedure when theRTPT state is the first value; the processed wafer can be identified asa tuned wafer by changing the wafer state for the wafer; and theprocessing data associated with the tuned wafer can be identified astuned processing data. The wafer can be processed using an un-tunedprocessing procedure when the RTPT state is the second value; theprocessed wafer can be identified as an un-tuned wafer by changing thewafer state for the wafer; and the processing data associated with theun-tuned wafer can be identified as un-tuned processing data.

In some examples, an input message can be a formatted message comprisingrecipe data and feedforward data. A TCD can process the formattedmessage and create a separate recipe message for the processing tool anda separate feedforward message for the measurement tool. For example,the TCD can parse the formatted message. When the TCD is operating in a“Feed Forward” mode, a separate recipe message may or may not be sent tothe processing tool, and a separate feedforward message can be sent to ameasurement tool. The feedforward message can include real-time waferthickness, temperature and/or n&k data that can be used to determine inreal-time which profile library to use when analyzing information fromthe measurement tool. When real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/orn&k data is provided to a metrology tool, the calculation errors can bereduced and the accuracy is improved. In some cases, a smaller profilespace within a library space can be identified using the feedforwarddata. For example, the feedforward thickness data allows the ODPprocedure to determine profiles from the profile library in real-time,thereby decreasing measurement time and increasing throughput.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic representation of a Transparent CouplingDevice (TCD) in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In theillustrated embodiment, a semiconductor processing system 300 is shownthat includes a data transfer system 390, a MES system 380, a processingsubsystem 320, a measurement subsystem 340, and a TCD 310. In addition,multiple devices and/or systems can be included. Alternatively, othersystems, other devices, other elements, and/or other systems may beincluded.

The data transfer system 390 can be coupled to one or more processingsubsystems 320 and can exchange information with the processingsubsystem 320 using one or more bi-directional links 396 and one or moreports (395, 325). Alternatively, a port and/or a bi-directional link maynot be required. For example, link 396 can support XML and/or SECS-GEMmessages and data transfers. In addition, other transfer protocols canbe supported. A processing subsystem 320 can be part of an integratedsemiconductor processing system 300 or be external to a semiconductorprocessing system.

The data transfer system 390 can be coupled to one or more measurementsubsystems 340 and can exchange information with the measurementsubsystem 340 using one or more bi-directional links 394 and one or moreports (397, 346). Alternatively, a port and/or a bi-directional link maynot be required. For example, link 394 can support XML and/or SECS-GEMmessages and data transfers. In addition, other transfer protocols canbe supported. A measurement subsystem 340 can be part of an integratedsemiconductor processing system 300 or be external to the semiconductorprocessing system 300.

The MES 380 can be coupled to the data transfer system 390 using one ormore bi-directional links 382.

The one or more processing subsystems 320 can be coupled to one or moremeasurement subsystems 340 and these subsystems can exchange informationwith each other using one or more bi-directional links 324 and one ormore ports (327, 345). Alternatively, a port and/or a bi-directionallink may not be required. For example, link 324 can support XML and/orSECS-GEM messages and data transfers. In addition, other transferprotocols can be supported. For example, a processing system 320 caninclude one or more subsystems such as subsystems (110, 120, 130, 140,and 150, FIG. 1). Alternatively, other configurations may be used.

The data transfer system 390 can be coupled to one or more TCDs 310 andcan exchange information with the TCD 310 using one or morebi-directional links 391 and one or more ports (311, 393).Alternatively, a port and/or a bi-directional link may not be required.For example, link 391 can support XML and/or SECS-GEM messages and datatransfers. In addition, other transfer protocols can be supported. A TCD310 can be integrated into a semiconductor processing system 300 in avariety of ways or can be external to the semiconductor processingsystem 300.

One or more TCDs 310 can be coupled to one or more processing subsystems320 can exchange information with the one or more processing subsystems320 using one or more bi-directional links 322 and one or more ports(312, 323). Alternatively, a port and/or a bi-directional link may notbe required. For example, link 322 can support XML and/or SECS-GEMmessages and data transfers. In addition, other transfer protocols canbe supported.

In addition, one or more TCDs 310 can be coupled to one or moremeasurement subsystems 340, and can exchange information with the one ormore measurement subsystems 340 using one or more bi-directional links342 and one or more ports (313, 347). Alternatively, a port and/or abi-directional link may not be required. For example, link 342 cansupport XML and/or SCS-GEM messages and data transfers. In addition,other transfer protocols can be supported.

TCD 310 can comprise a controller 318 and a message handler 319 that canperform message-processing procedures for receiving, building, parsing,sending, splitting, combining, and/or routing messages and other dataitems. The message handler 319 can comprise a first port 311, a secondport 312, and a third port 313. Alternatively, a different number ofports may be used.

In one embodiment, a first path 315 can be established between the firstport 311 and the second port 312, and a second path 316 can beestablished between the first port 341 and the third port 343, and oneor more input messages can be received at port 311.

In some embodiments, TCD 311 can receive one or more input messages thatcan include one or more feedforward messages and one or morepass-through messages. Alternatively, the input messages can includeother messages and/or data. TCD 311 can process the input messages, andcan send one or more output messages. The output messages includefeedforward messages and/or pass-through messages. Alternatively, theoutput messages can include other messages and/or data. TCD 311 can feedforward one or more feedforward messages when the input message includesa feedforward message, and/or can pass through a pass-through messagewhen the input message includes a pass-through message.

In some examples, the first path 315 can be used for transferringmessages and/or data between the MES 380 and the processing system 320.The second path 316 can be used for transferring messages and/or databetween the MES 380 and the measurement subsystem 340. For example, thefirst path 315 is established when a first TCD enablement parameter is afirst value (“true”), and the first path 315 is not established when thefirst TCD enablement parameter is a second value (“false”). In addition,the second path 316 is established when a second TCD enablementparameter is a first value (“true”), and the second path 316 is notestablished when the second TCD enablement parameter is a second value(“false”). Alternatively, other logic may be used.

In a first mode, a first TCD enablement parameter can be the first value(“true”), a first path 315 can be established through the TCD, the TCDcan send one or more output messages to the processing subsystem 320using link 322, and can receive one or more input (response) messagesfrom the processing subsystem 320 using link 322. The second TCDenablement parameter can be the first value (“true”), a second path 316can be established through the TCD, the TCD can send one or more outputmessages to the measurement subsystem 340 using link 342, and canreceive one or more input (response) messages from the measurementsubsystem 340 using link 342.

In some examples, the first TCD enablement parameter can be the firstvalue when the pass-through state is the first value (“pass-thru”),and/or when the input message includes a pass-through message. TCD 311can use the first path 315 to pass through the pass-through message tothe processing subsystem 320 using link 322 and can receive one or moreresponse messages from the processing subsystem 320 using link 322. Inaddition, the second TCD enablement parameter can be the first valuewhen the feed-forward state is the first value (“feed-forward”), and/orwhen the input message includes a feed-forward message. TCD 311 can usethe second path 316 to feed forward the feed-forward message to themeasurement subsystem 340 using link 342 and can receive one or moreresponse messages from the measurement subsystem 340 using link 342.

In other examples, the first TCD enablement parameter can be the firstvalue when the feed-forward state is the first value (“feed-forward”),and/or when the input message includes a feed-forward message. TCD 311can use the first path 315 to feed forward the feed-forward message tothe processing subsystem using link 322, and can receive one or moreresponse messages from the processing subsystem 320 using link 322. Inaddition, the second TCD enablement parameter can be the first valuewhen the pass-through state is the first value (“pass-thru”), and/orwhen the input message includes a pass-through message. TCD 311 can usethe second path 316 to pass through the pass-through message to themeasurement subsystem 340 using link 342, and can receive one or moreresponse messages from the measurement subsystem 340 using link 342.

Alternatively, the first TCD enablement parameter and the second TCDenablement parameter can be the first value when the feed-forward stateis the first value (“feed-forward”), and/or when the input messageincludes a feed-forward message. TCD 311 can feed forward thefeed-forward message to processing subsystem 320 and/or the measurementsubsystem 340 and can receive one or more input (response) messages fromprocessing subsystem 320 and/or the measurement subsystem 340. Inaddition, the first TCD enablement parameter and the second TCDenablement parameter can be the first value when the pass-through stateis the first value (“pass-thru”), and/or when the input message includesa pass-through message. TCD 311 can pass through the pass-throughmessage to processing subsystem 320 and/or the measurement subsystem 340and can receive one or more input (response) messages from processingsubsystem 320 and/or the measurement subsystem 340.

In other cases, a first TCD enablement parameter can be the first value(“true”), a first path 315 can be established through the TCD, and theTCD can send one or more output messages to the processing subsystem 320using link 322, and receive one or more input (response) messages fromthe processing subsystem 320 using link 322. The second TCD enablementparameter can be the second value (“false”), a second path 316 is notestablished through the TCD, and the TCD does not send one or moreoutput messages to the measurement subsystem 340 via port 313. Forexample, the first TCD enablement parameter can be the first value whenthe pass-through state is the first value, and/or when the input messageincludes a pass-through message. TCD 311 can use the first path 315 topass through the pass-through message to the processing subsystem usinglink 322, and can receive one or more response messages from theprocessing subsystem 320 using link 322. In addition, the second TCDenablement parameter can be the second value when the feedforward stateis the second value (“do not feed forward”), and/or when the inputmessage does not include a feedforward message. TCD 311 does not feedforward a feedforward message to the measurement subsystem 340.

Alternatively, the first TCD enablement parameter can be the first valuewhen the feedforward state is the first value (“feedforward”), and/orwhen the input message includes a feedforward message. TCD 311 can usethe first path 315 to feed forward the feedforward message to theprocessing subsystem using link 322, and can receive one or moreresponse messages from the processing subsystem 320 using link 322. Inaddition, the second TCD enablement parameter can be the second valuewhen the pass-through state is the second value (“do not pass-thru”),and/or when the input message does not include a pass-through message.TCD 311 does not pass through a pass-through message to the measurementsubsystem 340.

In additional cases, a first TCD enablement parameter can be the secondvalue (“false”), a first path 315 is not established through the TCD,and the TCD does not send one or more output messages to the processingsubsystem 320 using port 312. The second TCD enablement parameter can bethe first value (“true”), a second path 316 can be established throughthe TCD, and the TCD can send one or more output messages to themeasurement subsystem 340 using link 342, and receive one or moreresponse messages from the measurement subsystem 340 using link 342. Forexample, the first TCD enablement parameter can be the second value whenthe pass-through state is the second value (“do not pass-thru”), and/orwhen the input message does not include a pass-through message. TCD 311does not pass through a pass-through message to the processing subsystemvia port 312. In addition, the second TCD enablement parameter can bethe first value when the feedforward state is a first value (“feedforward”), and/or when the input message includes a feedforward message.TCD 311 can use the second path 316 to feed forward the feedforwardmessage to the measurement subsystem 340 using link 342, and can receiveone or more response messages from the measurement subsystem 340 usinglink 342.

Alternatively, the first TCD enablement parameter can be the secondvalue when the feedforward state is the second value (“do not feedforward”), and/or when the input message does not include a feedforwardmessage. TCD 311 does not feed forward a feedforward message to theprocessing subsystem. In addition, the second TCD enablement parametercan be the first value when the pass-through state is the first value(“pass-thru”), and/or when the input message includes a pass-throughmessage. TCD 311 can use the second path 316 to pass through thepass-through message to the measurement subsystem 340 using link 343,and can receive one or more response messages from the measurementsubsystem 340 using link 342.

In still other cases, a first TCD enablement parameter can be the secondvalue (“false”), the first path 315 is not established through the TCD,and the TCD does not send one or more output messages to the processingsubsystem 320 using port 312. The second TCD enablement parameter can bethe second value (“false”), the second path 316 is not establishedthrough the TCD, and the TCD does not send one or more output messagesto the measurement subsystem 340 via port 313. For example, the firstTCD enablement parameter can be the second value when the pass-throughstate is the second value (“do not pass-thru”, and/or when the inputmessage does not include a pass-through message. TCD 311 does not usethe first path 315 to pass through the pass-through message to theprocessing subsystem. In addition, the second TCD enablement parametercan be the second value when the feedforward state is the second value(“do not feed forward”), and/or when the input message does not includea feedforward message. TCD 311 does not use the second path 316 to feedforward the feedforward message to the measurement subsystem 340 viaport 313.

Alternatively, the first TCD enablement parameter can be the secondvalue when the feedforward state is the second value (“do not feedforward”), and/or when the input message does not include a feedforwardmessage. TCD 311 does not use the first path 315 to feed forward thefeedforward message to the processing subsystem. In addition, the secondTCD enablement parameter can be the second value when the pass-throughstate is the second value (“do not pass-thru”), and/or when the inputmessage does not include a pass-through message. TCD 311 does not usethe second path 316 to pass through the pass-through message to themeasurement subsystem 340.

In FIG. 3, single subsystems are shown, and alternatively, a differentnumber of processing subsystems having any number of controllersassociated with them in addition to other types of processing tools andmodules may be used. The processing subsystem 320 can include one ormore etch tools, deposition tools, ALD tools, measurement tools,ionizations tools, polishing tools, coating tools, developing tools,cleaning tools, exposure tools, and thermal treatment tools.

The processing subsystem 320, the measurement subsystem 340, or the TCD310 can include GUI components (not shown) and can include memorycomponents (not shown) that can include one or more computer-readablestorage media. In addition, the processing subsystem 320, themeasurement subsystem 340, or the TCD 310 can exchange information usingone or more computer-readable storage media. Operational data, processdata, library data, historical data, and/or computer executable code canbe stored and/or used.

In addition, before, during, and/or after data collection, an analysisstrategy can be executed, and FDC (fault detection and classification),judgment, and/or intervention plans can be executed. When an analysisstrategy is executed, wafer data, process data, module data, TCD-relateddata, RTO-related data, and/or RTPT-related data can be analyzed, andalarm/fault conditions can be identified. In addition, when judgmentand/or intervention rules are associated with TCD-related procedures,RTO-related procedures, and/or RTPT-related procedures, they can beexecuted. For example, after TCD-related data, RTO-related data, and/orRTPT-related data have been created, the data can be analyzed usingintervention and/or judgment rule evaluation techniques. Interventionand/or judgment rule evaluation procedures and/or limits can beperformed based on historical data, on the customer's experience, orprocess knowledge, or obtained from a host computer.

As feature sizes decrease below the 65 nm node accurate measurement databecomes more important and more difficult to obtain. RTPT procedures canbe used to more accurately etch and measure these ultra-small features.The TCD-related data can be compared with the warning and/or controllimits, and when a run-rule is violated, an alarm can be generated,indicating a processing problem.

When an alarm is generated, a controller can perform notificationprocedures and/or intervention procedures. Notification can be viae-mail or by an e-mail activated pager. An intervention procedure can beused to pause and/or stop a process at the end of the current lot, orafter the current wafer. A controller can identify the processing moduleand/or procedure that caused the alarm to be generated. An interventionprocedure can cause a wafer and/or process to proceed using non-updatedrecipes and/or data.

The processing subsystem 320, the measurement subsystem 340, or the TCD310 can include FDC procedures, and they can exchange FDC informationwith each other and/or the MES 380. Rules can be used in FDC proceduresto determine how to respond to alarm conditions, error conditions, faultconditions, and/or warning conditions. In addition, the MES 380 can sendcommand and/or override information to the processing system 320, themeasurement subsystem 340, or the TCD 310, or any combination thereof.One or more FDC procedures can be running at the same time and can sendand/or receive information concerning an alarm/error/fault condition.FDC information can be exchanged via a network, e-mail, or personalcommunication devices. For example, an alarm/error/fault condition canbe established, and a message can be sent to pause the current processor to stop the current process when a limit is reached or exceeded, orwhen a product requirement is not met, or when a corrective action isrequired. The FDC procedures can prioritize and/or classify faults,predict system performance, predict preventative maintenance schedules,decrease maintenance downtime, and extend the service life of consumableparts in the system. The interfaces to the RTPT and/or FDC procedurescan be web-enabled, can provide a real-time status display, and can beused for real-time intervention.

The processing subsystem 320, the measurement subsystem 340, or the TCD310 can control multiple processing procedures and/or models that areexecuted at the same time and are subject to different sets of processconstraints. For example, a controller can run in three different modes:simulation mode, test mode, and standard mode. A controller can operatein simulation mode in parallel with the other modes. RTPT procedures canbe run in real-time and produce real-time data, and FDC procedures canbe run in real-time and produce real-time faults and/or errors. Inaddition, RTPT procedures can be run in a simulation mode and producereal-time simulation data, and FDC procedures can be run in a simulationmode and produce real-time predicted faults and/or errors.

The processing subsystem 320, the measurement subsystem 340, or the TCD310 can take various actions in response to an alarm/fault, depending onthe nature of the alarm/fault. The actions taken on the alarm/fault canbe context-based, and the context can be specified by a rule, asystem/process recipe, a module type, module identification number, loadport number, cassette number, lot number, control job ID, process jobID, slot number and/or the type of data.

The processing subsystem 320, the measurement subsystem 340, or the TCD310 can exchange information with each other and/or with the MES 380.The information can include measurement data, process data, historicaldata, feed-forward data, and/or feedback data. Furthermore, the MES 380and/or the data transfer system 390 can be used to provide externalmeasurement data, such as external CD SEM (critical dimension scanningelectron microscope) information, TEM (transmission electron microscope)information, or FIB (focused ion beam) information. External informationcan include adjustment factors and timestamp data that can be used toadjust for any offset between the system measurement tools and theexternal measurement tools. In addition, the TCD can feed forwardexternal measurement data as soon as the data is provided by the MES380, or another optical metrology tool to the TCD 310.

One or more simulation applications can be used to compute predicteddata for the wafer based on the input state, the processcharacteristics, and a process model. Tuned and/or optimized metrologymodels can be used to predict and/or calculate the smaller structuresand/or features associated with the design nodes below 65 nm. An etchrate model can be used along with a processing time to compute an etchdepth, and a deposition rate model can be used along with a processingtime to compute a deposition thickness. For example, models can includeprocess chemistry models, chamber models, EM models, SPC charts, PLSmodels, PCA models, FDC models, and Multivariate Analysis (MVA) models.For example, a TCD, a RTO, and/or a RTPT procedure can operate in asimulation mode, a test mode, and a standard mode.

The MES 380 can create and provide wafer sampling sequences, and thewafer slot selection can be determined using a (PJ Create) function. TheR2R control configuration can include, among other variables,feedforward control plan variables, feedback control plan variables,metrology calibration parameters, control limits, and SEMI Standardvariable parameters. Metrology data reports can include wafer, site,structure, and composition data, among others, and the tool can reportactual settings for the wafer

The measurement subsystem 340 can include one or more iODP systems (notshown). For example, ODP techniques can be used to obtain criticaldimension (CD) information, structure profile information, or viaprofile information, and the wavelength ranges for an ODP system canrange from less than 200 nm to more than 900 nm.

Recipes can be organized in a tree structure that can comprise recipesets, classes, and recipes that can be displayed as objects. Recipes caninclude process recipe data, system recipe data, and IM recipe data. IMrecipes can contain pattern recognition information, can be used toidentify the sites and/or chips to sample on each wafer, and can be usedto determine which ODP recipe to use. ODP recipes can be used todetermine which ODP library to use, and to define the measurementmetrics to report, such as top CD, bottom CD, side wall angle (SWA),layer thickness, trench width, trench depth, and goodness of fit (GOF)data.

As the physical dimensions of the structures decrease, real-timeprocessing using feedforward data may be required for a large percentageof the wafers to obtain more accurate etching and/or measurement data.In addition, some wafers may be used to verify a new process and/or toassess an existing process. One or more measurement procedures can beperformed. When a new process is being developed and/or verified, theprocess results can be varying, and an assessment or verificationprocedure can be performed on a larger percentage of the wafers. When anassessment or verification procedure is performed a TCD can be used.

A measurement strategy can be executed and used to establish when andhow to use a measurement site. A strategy can be specified by asemiconductor manufacturer based on data stored in a historicaldatabase. For example, a semiconductor manufacturer may havehistorically chosen a number of sites on the wafer when making SEMmeasurements and would like to correlate the metrology data to the datameasured using a SEM tool. In this case, the TCD could be used tofeedforward data for those sites. Other manufacturers can use TEM and/orFIB data. In addition, the number of measurement sites used can bereduced as the manufacturer becomes more confident that the process isand will continue to produce high quality devices. Alternatively, othermeasurement procedures and/or other measurement sites may be used.

When new and/or additional metrology data is required, optical metrologymeasurements can be made at one or more sites on the wafer. In oneembodiment, the feedforward data can include measured data from anun-patterned area adjacent to the patterned structure, measured datafrom an un-patterned area that is not adjacent to the patternedstructure, measured data from a test area of the same wafer, or in anarea of a test wafer. In some embodiments, the feedforward data can beused for all of the sites on the wafer, or can be used for the whole lotof wafers, or can be used for a whole process run. For example, previouslayer thickness data may be used for calculations until new feedforwarddata is obtained from the TCD.

Measurement structures and/or features can include periodic gratings,periodic arrays, and/or other periodic structures on a wafer and can bemeasured at one or more of the measurement sites on a wafer. Measurementstructures and/or features on a wafer may be in a resist layer, or in anARC layer, or in any combination thereof. In addition, the measurementstructures and/or features on a wafer may be created using a resistlayer, or an ARC layer, or any combination thereof.

A measurement procedure can be time consuming and can affect thethroughput of a processing system. During process runs, a manufacturermay wish to minimize the amount of time used to measure a wafer. Themeasurement procedure can be context driven and different RTPT and/oroptimization procedures may be performed based on the context of thewafer. For example, one or more wafers may not be measured, tuned,and/or optimized, and procedures may be performed using a subset ofmeasurement sites included in a measurement plan.

During a development portion of the semiconductor process, historicaldata can be created and stored for later use. The historical data caninclude measured data at a number of measurement sites. Before, during,and/or after a procedure is performed, prediction data can be createdand/or modified. The new prediction data can be fed forward by a TCD toupdate the calculations, models, and/or results. Before, during, and/orafter a procedure is performed, confidence data can be created and/ormodified. The new confidence data can be fed forward by a TCD to updatethe calculations, models, and/or results. The confidence data caninclude confidence values for the measured data, the predicted data, themodeling data, and/or the process data.

The historical data can include GOF data, thermal data, thickness data,via-related data, CD data, CD profile data, material related data,trench-related data, sidewall angle data, differential width data, orany combination thereof. The measurement data can also include siteresult data, site number data, CD measurement flag data, number ofmeasurement sites data, coordinate X data, and coordinate Y data, amongothers.

RTPT procedures can be used by an etching subsystem to adjust etchingrecipes and/or models in real-time to etch three-dimensional structures,such as dual-damascene structures, contacts, vias, and gates. Inaddition, RTPT procedures can be used by measurement subsystems toadjust process and/or measurement recipes and/or models in real-time tomeasure three-dimensional structures, such as contacts, vias, and gates.The three-dimensional structures can increase the sensitivity ofthickness variations and require structure modeling and/or measurementsin multiple directions. Measurement subsystems can cause through-putproblems and higher measurement throughput can be obtained by adjustingthe sampling locations, and structures dynamically.

In a semiconductor processing system, multiple processing and/ormeasurement tools can be present and tool matching can be a criticalissue. In some cases, data from integrated metrology tools must bematched with data from external and/or reference metrology tools. RTPTprocedures can be used for metrology data matching between tools and canbe used to create the calibration adjustments needed by a measurementsubsystem. These adjustments can be made as R2R calculations, and can bereported to the host.

RTPT procedures can update an etching recipe, profile, and/or modelusing data for different thickness, different temperatures, differentsites, different wafers, different tools, and/or different processes.The data can include average values, limit values, tolerance values,within-wafer variation values, wafer-to-wafer variation values, and/orlot-to-lot variation values. For example, the data can include a waferthickness variation from center to edge after an etching process, aftera deposition process, development process, or a thermal process.

In addition, variations in etch EPD times can cause wafer thicknessvariations that can be fed forward to a measurement subsystem. Themeasurement subsystem can use X&Y measurement maps for dynamicmeasurements. In some instances, a gate etch process can damage the highK material and nitride layer causing a change in the wafer thickness andfilm optical properties.

RTPT procedures can use single or multiple tuning variables. Whenmultiple variables are used a classification system can be used toestablish which tuning variable should be calculated first.

TABLE 1 External (μm) External (μm) Internal (μm) Internal (μm) Site # XY X Y 1 −2650 −41550 26093 131721 2 −2650 2130 −105484 66149 3 −684502130 −39693 88017 4 −35550 −107070 59023 66212 5 63150 −85230 12482166235 6 63150 67650 59045 687 7 30250 133170 −6759 668 8 −85205 13160−72561 642 9 −68450 13160 −138341 −43014 10 −52855 13160 −6745 −43014 11−52855 −7920 91956 −42986 12 −68450 −7920 59069 −86675 13 −85205 −7920−39625 −108545

Table 1 shows the X&Y coordinates for 13 exemplary measurement sitesused by an external metrology tool (second and third column), and theX&Y coordinates for 13 measurement sites used by an internal metrologytool (fourth and fifth column). In some examples, the RTPT procedurescan use the real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data thatis fed forward after a process as a tuning variable. Wafer thicknessdifferences can occur when measurements are made using internal toolsand external tools, and the differences can change over time. RTPTprocedures can use the data from an internal and/or external metrologytool, and can be used to relate the data from one tool to another tool.

For example, RTPT procedures may be used to tune and/or optimizedownloaded metrology information or default data in an iODP application,to set or fix ODP model parameters such as wafer thickness, materialproperties, and/or optical properties that change with thickness and/ortime, to tune and/or optimize recipes, profiles, and/or models withminimal impact to the host software, to extend the current variableparameter adjust message to include a list of parameter names and valuesby site and by wafer, and use an open-ended list to allow forflexibility of adding new parameters.

During RTPT procedures, calculated data and/or predicted data can be fedforward to narrow search ranges, to increase the accuracy of processesand/or measurements, and to reduce process and/or measurement times.

RTPT procedures can be used with systems, subsystems, tools, and/orsensors. RTPT parameters can be structured as system level objects, toollevel objects, lot level objects, wafer level objects, site levelobjects, optimization objects, and/or tuning objects.

When TCDs are created, one or more message types can be used, such asConnect messages, Return messages, setMeasurementParameters messages.onTuningStatusChangeRequest Event messages, tuningStatusChangedmessages, SECS-GEM messages, and XML messages.

The TCD can support a connect message that can be used to initiatecommunications between a server interface and a client. The TCD cansupport a Return message to the primary message. The primary message canbe initiated by the client and the Return made by the server. Forexample, if the server does not recognize the client version number orthe client's version is incompatible with server, the version can bedeemed incompatible. If an incompatible version is provided, an errorwill be returned in the HResult.

The TCD can support a setMeasurementParameters message that can be usedto allow the client to send Tuning parameters to the controller at anypoint in time. The TCD can support a Return message to the primarymessage. The primary message shall be initiated by the client and theReturn made by the server. The setMeasurementParameters message can beused to allow the client to send tuning parameter values for aparticular wafer that may be used later for grating measurements on thatwafer. For example, the message can contain a list of the tuningparameter values for multiple sites in the wafer. Each site can beidentified by the site co-ordinates.

The TCD can support a message and/or event sent from a controller to aTCD. The TCD can support an on TuningStatusChangeRequest event that canbe sent by the controller. When the tuningEnabledStatus parameter isfalse, the tuning mechanism can be disabled. When thetuningEnabledStatus parameter is true, the tuning mechanism can beenabled.

The TCD can support a message and/or event sent from TCD to an iODPapplication. For example, the TCD can support a tuningStatusChangedmessage that can be called by a TCD procedure, and this message can besent whenever the tuning mechanism status in the TCD is changed.

The TCD can support XML translations, and SECS-GEM-XML Mapping. Forexample, an ODP parameter extracted out of the Host SECS Message can beconverted ‘as is’ into the correct XML representation. The XML interfacemay have its own exception handling.

The TCD can support process job and control job creation. Multiple jobscan be executed in parallel, and a job can have multiple states, such as“queued”, “selected”, and “executing”.

For some SECS messages between the host and the tool, standard SECSexception handling and timeouts can apply. The normal case is that bothsystems sent its reply message in time to the TCD. Possible exceptionsare the following:

-   -   The metrology tool and/or controller are responding late.    -   The metrology tool and/or controller are not responding at all.    -   The metrology subsystem and/or controller are responding late.    -   The metrology subsystem and/or controller are not responding at        all.

When messages do not arrive at the correct time from the metrology tooland/or controller, a TCD procedure can assign a unique error code, suchas “No Reply from metrology tool” or “No Reply from metrologycontroller”. When a tool is not replying, the TCD can be programmed notto take any action, and allow the host to perform the recoveryoperation. Alternatively, the TCD may send a return code (non-response)message to the host, and allow the host to perform the recoveryoperation.

The TCD can support multiple measurement sites, multiple layers, and X &Y values for multiple sites. For example, a TCD can pass film thicknessdata for three layers from a factory host to the metrology tool for preand post DTMO (deep trench mask open) measurements.

In various embodiments, windows sockets can be used to send data. Duringstartup, a Create Socket procedure can be performed to create a socketobject; a Connect Socket procedure can be performed to connect to thesocket using the created socket object; and a XML Logical Connectprocedure can be performed to send the XML connect message.

A Send XML Tuning Message Data procedure can be performed to send theXML tuning message, [e.g. send(sock, . . . , TuningMessage)]. An XMLReceive Acknowledgment procedure can be performed to receive theacknowledgement from a controller [e.g. bytesRcvd=recv(sock, . . . ,recdata)].

The TCD can support many unique structures that can be defined in SML orXML, can support substantially large structures, can support nestedrecursive structures, can enable automatic translation from SML to XMLand XML back to SML, and can support a large number of parameters. Theparameters can be related to wafer state information and can includepassing location information, measurement information, designinformation, chip layout information, library limits, and ranges forsearching. A measurement subsystem can have one or more connection portsthat can be used to allow the host to communicate directly or through aTCD using XML or SML.

An XML message can be unique to the device or a SEMI standard such asthe PCS standard that enables APC applications to communicate with eachother can be used to transform standard SML to XML/PCS messages. The TCDprocedures can provide an automatic translation from SML to XML and XMLback to SML for reply messages. Alternatively, other combinations of SMLand XML may be included.

Additional communication protocols can include an Ethernet based messagestructure such as SML or XML and hardware based message structures suchas RS232, RS422 and Analog signal.

The TCD software and hardware can be used to provide a substantiallytransparent addition of a device to a process tool or measurementtool—enabling the factory to adjust the device recipe settings. Thedevice can be a sensor, measurement device, or an analysis device. Theparsing of the variable parameter message—such as a S6F11 message istransparent to the tool. The feedforward information targeted for themetrology tool is removed, and the message can be reconstructed to becompatible to the target tool.

Multiple TCDs can be cascaded together, and this can allow one TCD to beused for parsing information being downloaded to the tool while anotherTCD is used to merge data for reporting to the host from multipledevices.

The TCD can provide and manage exception handling with messages that arebeing split or parsed for multiple devices. The confirmation repliesfrom multiple devices can be consolidated. For example, one successmessage can be sent if all are successful, and one failure message canbe sent if any fails. In other cases, when multiple devices have afailure, a return error can be sent for the device with the highestpriority. Alternatively, a report with multiple failures may includemerged the error text and priority information from all failed devicesinto one error text string.

One or more TCD procedures can be used to enable two way communicationsfor downloading parameters or recipes, for uploading data or recipes,and for handshaking. Host can query the tools, controllers, and/or TCDprocedures for current status and configuration. TCD procedures can beused to communicate with multiple devices on the tool by separating theunique parameters for each device and by distributing the information toeach device. For example, parameters can be sent to the controllers,processing tools, metrology tools, OES tools, RF sensors, endpointdetectors, temperature sensors, and depth sensors.

One or more TCD procedures can be used to split downloaded messagecontent one to many; can be used to route downloaded feedforwardmessages and recipe messages to different devices; can be used withmultiple messages by sending one to many and merging many back to one;can be used to create a new message or event from any device and insertthis message into the common data steam back to the host.

In addition, a TCD procedure can be part of a host procedure, anadditional hardware adapter between a host computer and a tool computer,part of the tool host interface, or part of one of the devices added tothe tool. The TCD can be physical or virtual—part of software module androuting the messages to different devices on the common Ethernetnetwork.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a procedure forprocessing a wafer in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Inthe illustrated embodiment, an exemplary procedure 400 is shown forusing a Transparent Coupling Device (TCD) to process a wafer.Alternatively, other procedures and subsystems may be used.

In 410, wafer data such as wafer thickness and/or temperature can becollected. Data collection procedures can be performed before and/orwhile wafers are being etched by an etching subsystem processed by adeposition subsystem, measuring system or any other system. Data can becollected using a processing subsystem, a (MES), and/or host system. Thecollected data can include wafer data relating to a characteristic ofthe wafer or process data relating to a process associated with thewafer. The collected data can be real-time data from one or moreprocessing tools and one or more metrology tools, for example. Data canalso be collected using a database and/or library coupled to one or moreprocessing tools and/or one or more metrology tools. In one example,data collected in step 410 includes layer or film thickness datacollected from an etch subsystem. The thickness data may be thickness ofan etched film that is calculated in the etch system based on etch rate,etch time, end point detection or other raw data available from the etchprocess. Alternatively, the collected data may be the raw etch data thatcan be sent to other subsystems for processing.

In 415, one or more input messages can be created and/or sent by a host(MES), subsystem, or system controller based on the collected data. Theinput message can include one or more pass-through messages and/or oneor more real-time feedforward messages. A host (MES) system and/or asubsystem can process the collected data to create the input message,and can send the input message to a measurement subsystem and/or aprocessing subsystem. An input message may also be created, modified,and/or sent by a subsystem and/or system controller. In a preferredembodiment data collection step 410 is continuously performed for allsubsystems and the collected data is continuously processed to createinput messages that are sent to any or all subsystems to provide themost current information available (real-time data) to facilitateefficient and accurate performance of processing in the subsystem.

In 420, one or more wafers can be received in a subsystem. Wafer datarelating to the wafer may be received at the subsystem prior to or afterreceipt of the wafer. For example, a wafer lot can be received and aprocessing sequence can be established, a current wafer can beidentified and can be sent to the etching subsystem, and a wafer statecan be established for the current wafer. The wafer data can includehistorical and/or real-time wafer thickness or wafer temperature data.In one embodiment, the wafers are received at a measurement subsystemsuch as that described herein.

In 425, a TCD in or associated with the subsystem that received thecurrent wafer can receive one or more input messages created and sent instep 415. Continuing with the example above, the input message isreceived by a TCD associated with the measurement subsystem. An inputmessage can include a pass-through message, or a real-time feedforwardmessage, or any combination thereof. The pass-through message caninclude set-up data, configuration data, historical data, input data,output data, priority data, delay data, fault data, response data, errordata, feedforward data, feedback data, pass-through data, internal data,external data, tuning and/or tuned data, optimization and/or optimizeddata, status data, timing data, process results data, and/or measureddata. The real-time feedforward message can include real-time processdata, measured data or wafer data such as real-time temperature data,thickness data, n&k data, and/or uniformity data.

In 430, the TCD associated with the subsystem that received the waferand input message can process one or more input messages and can obtainreal-time wafer data such as wafer temperature and/or thickness datafrom the real-time feedforward message when at least one input messageincludes a real-time feedforward message. For example, the TCD canprocess the one or more input messages in real time into one or morepass-through messages and one or more real-time feedforward messages.The TCD can parse the real-time feedforward message to obtain thereal-time wafer temperature and/or thickness data. The TCD can examinethe input message to determine when the input message includes thereal-time feedforward message, and/or the TCD can determine how toextract the real-time feedforward message. Continuing with the examplegiven above, in step 430 the TCD associated with the measurementsubsystem can receive an input message and process the message to obtainthe thickness data collected from the etch subsystem and provided aspart of a feedforward message.

In addition, one or more TCDs associated with the subsystem thatreceived the wafer and input message can process the one or more inputmessages and can obtain real-time and/or historical data from thepass-through message when at least one input message includes apass-through message. Where the subsystem is the measurement subsystem,the pass-through data may include a measurement recipe. In someinstances, real-time data associated with a current wafer beingprocessed by a particular subsystem will be included in a pass-throughmessage. For example, delayed data from a previous process and/oranother subsystem may be used as real-time pass-through data. The TCDcan parse the pass-through message to obtain the real-time data and/orhistorical data. The TCD can examine the input message to determine whenthe input message includes the real-time and/or historical data, and/orthe TCD can determine how to extract the real-time and/or historicaldata. For example, when the pass-through state is the first value“true”, the pass-through the messages, the real-time data, and/or thehistorical data can be passed through, and when the pass-through stateis a second value “false”, the pass-through messages, the real-timedata, and/or the historical data may not be passed through.

In 435, a query can be performed to determine when to feed forward thefeedforward message and/or data to the subsystem associated with theTCD. Continuing with the example given above, the TCD associated withthe measurement subsystem can determine whether the feedforwardmessage/data including the thickness data from the etch tool can be sentto the measurement subsystem. The TCD can use the feedforward statevalue to determine when to feed forward the feedforward message and/ordata present in the input message. When the feedforward state is thefirst value “true”, procedure 400 can branch to 440, and the feedforwardmessages and/or data can be fed forward. When the feedforward state is asecond value “false”, procedure 400 can branch to 480, and thefeedforward messages and/or data are not fed forward to the subsystemsuch as the measurement subsystem, as will be further described below.

In 440, the feedforward messages and/or data can be fed forward to theintended subsystem such as the measurement subsystem. When thefeedforward state is the first value “true”, the feedforward messagesand/or data can be fed forward, and when the feedforward state is asecond value “false”, the feedforward messages and/or data are not fedforward. In addition, the feedforward messages and/or data can be fedforward when the input message includes feedforward messages and/ordata, and the feedforward data and/or messages are not fed forward whenthe input message does not include feedforward messages and/or data. Forexample, real-time wafer thickness, temperature, and/or n&k data fromthe etch subsystem can be fed forward to the measurement subsystem whenthe feedforward state is the first value “true” (and there is afeedforward message/data to forward), and the real-time wafer thickness,temperature and/or n&k data is not fed forward when the feedforwardstate is the second value “false.

In some embodiments, the feedforward state can be determined usingtiming data related to a process performed in the subsystem that thefeedforward message/data will be sent to. In the measurement subsystemexample, the feedforward state can be the first value when thefeedforward message and/or data can be fed forward before the currentwafer is measured, and the feedforward state can be the second valuewhen the feedforward message and/or data cannot be fed forward beforethe current wafer is measured. In addition, the feed-forward state canbe the first value when the measurement procedure and/or calculation isdelayed until the feed-forward message and/or data is received, and thefeed-forward state can be the second value when the measurementprocedure and/or calculation cannot be delayed.

In 445, the feedforward messages and/or data are not fed forward whenthe feedforward state is a second value “false”, or when the inputmessage does not include a feedforward message/data. Where thefeedforward data is intended for the measurement subsystem, for example,the feedforward state can be the second value when the feedforwardmessage and/or data cannot be fed forward before the current wafer ismeasured. Where feedforward data is not sent to the intended subsystem,the subsystem (or a processor related thereto) cannot create a tuned oroptimization procedure for use in the subsystem. Thus, the process 400branches from 445 to 490, where the wafer is processed in the subsystemwithout tuned or optimized procedures.

Where feedforward message/data is obtained from the input message andfed forward to the intended subsystem, then the feedforward data can beused to tune or optimize a process performed in the subsystem as shownin steps 450-475 of FIG. 4, described below. For example, thickness datafrom the etch tool can be used to tune or optimize a measurement processin the measurement subsystem. For example, the tuning and optimizingprocedure can be performed in a processor of the TCD and sent to themeasurement subsystem, performed in an RTO and then sent to themeasurement subsystem, or performed in the measurement subsystem itselfbased on feedforward messages/data received in the measurementsubsystem.

In 450, a query can be performed to determine when to perform a RTPTprocedure using the feedforward message and/or data. When a RTPT stateis the first value “true”, procedure 400 can branch to 455, and when theRTPT state is a second value “false”, procedure 400 can branch to 460.In one example, a controller in the measurement subsystem can use a RTPTstate value to determine when to perform a RTPT procedure using thefeedforward message and/or data present in the input message. When aRTPT state is the first value “true”, one or more RTPT procedures can beperformed, and when the RTPT state is a second value “false”, a RTPTprocedure is not performed,

In 455, tuned data can be created using one or more RTPT procedures. Oneor more RTPT procedures can be performed when the input message includesfeedforward messages and/or tuning data. Continuing with the etch andmeasurement example above, thickness data from the etch subsystem can beused in an RTPT procedure to create tuned data such as a tunedmeasurement procedure that can be used to improve measurements in themeasurement subsystem. As another example, real-time wafer thickness,temperature and/or n&k data obtained from a previous deposition processcan be fed forward and can be used as tuning parameter data in one ormore RTPT procedures for an etch process. In some embodiments, a tunedetching recipe, a tuned etching profile, or a tuned etching model, orany combination thereof can be created using the RTPT procedures thatuse the real-time feedforward data (e.g., wafer thickness data) astuning data when feedforward data is available before the wafer isetched. The tuned etching recipe, the tuned etching profile, or thetuned etching model, or any combination thereof can be created when theRTPT state is the first value. The tuned etching recipe, the tunedetching profile, or the tuned etching model, or any combination thereofis not created when the RTPT state is the second value. In someexamples, an un-tuned etching recipe, an un-tuned etching profile, or anun-tuned etching model, or any combination thereof can be created whenthe RTPT state is the second value. Tuned etching recipe data, tunedetching profile data, or tuned etching model data, or any combinationthereof can be sent to the etching subsystem when it is createdelsewhere.

In some embodiments, the RTPT state can be determined using timing data.Where the RTPT result will be sent to the measurement subsystem, forexample, the RTPT state can be the first value when the RTPT procedurecan be performed before the current wafer is measured, and the RTPTstate can be the second value when the RTPT procedure cannot beperformed before the current wafer is measured.

In 460, tuned processing data is not created. For example, un-tunedprocessing data can be created using one or more un-tuned procedures.One or more un-tuned procedures can be performed when the input messagedoes not include feedforward messages and/or tuning data. In themeasurement example developed above, an un-tuned measurement recipe, anun-tuned measurement profile, or a un-tuned measurement model, or anycombination thereof can be created when the RTPT state is the secondvalue. As another example, un-tuned etching recipe data, un-tunedetching profile data, or un-tuned etching model data, or any combinationthereof can be created and/or stored when the RPTP state is the secondvalue. The un-tuned etching recipe data, the un-tuned etching profiledata, or the un-tuned etching model data, or any combination thereof canbe sent to the etching subsystem if it is created elsewhere. In oneembodiment, rather than creating an un-tuned procedure, step 460 maysimply allow the subsystem to perform a process using a process recipeobtained from a pass through message, without any tuning thereof.

If the RTPT procedure is not performed, then the procedure 400 continuesto step 460 where it is determined whether to optimize the procedurebased on the feedforward message/data. This allows the optimizationprocedure to be performed when feedforward data is present, but the RTPTprocedure is not performed. Thus, when feedforward data is present, oneor both of an RTPT procedure and an optimization procedure can beperformed based on such data.

In 470, a query can be performed to determine when to perform anoptimization procedure using the feedforward message and/or data. Whenthe optimization state is the first value “true”, procedure 400 canbranch to 475, and when the RTPT state is a second value “false”,procedure 400 can branch to 480. A controller in the subsystem such asthe measurement subsystem can use the optimization state value todetermine when to perform an optimization procedure using thefeedforward message and/or optimization data present in the inputmessage. When the optimization state is the first value “true”, one ormore optimization procedures can be performed, and when the optimizationstate is a second value “false”, an optimization procedure is notperformed.

In 470, optimized data can be created using one or more optimizationprocedures. One or more optimization procedures can be performed whenthe input message includes feedforward messages and/or optimizationdata, and an optimization procedure may not be performed when the inputmessage does not include feedforward messages and/or optimization data.For example, real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data canbe fed forward and can be used as tuning parameter data in one or moreoptimization procedures. When the feedforward state is the first value“true”, the real time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data isfed forward to the intended subsystem, and the real-time waferthickness, temperature and/or n&k data is not fed forward when thefeedforward state is the second value “false.

Continuing with the etch and measurement example above, thickness datafrom the etch subsystem can be used in an optimization procedure tocreate optimized data such as an optimized measurement procedure thatcan be used to improve measurements in the measurement subsystem. Asanother example, an optimized etching recipe, an optimized etchingprofile, or an optimized etching model, or any combination thereof canbe created using the optimization procedures that use the real-timefeedforward data (wafer thickness data from a previous depositionprocess, for example) as tuning data when feedforward data is availablebefore the wafer is etched. The optimized etching recipe, the optimizedetching profile, or the optimized etching model, or any combinationthereof can be created when the optimization state is the first value.The optimized etching recipe, the optimized etching profile, or theoptimized etching model, or any combination thereof is not created whenthe optimization state is the second value. In addition, the optimizedetching recipe, the optimized etching profile, or the optimized etchingmodel, or any combination thereof is not created when the optimizationstate is the second value.

In some embodiments, the optimization state can be determined usingtiming data. Where the RTPT result will be sent to the measurementsubsystem, for example, the optimization state can be the first valuewhen the optimization procedure can be performed before the currentwafer is measured, and the optimization state can be the second valuewhen the optimization procedure cannot be performed before the currentwafer is measured. An optimized etching recipe data, an optimizedetching profile data, or an optimized etching model data, or anycombination thereof can be sent to the etching subsystem when it iscreated elsewhere.

In 480, optimized data is not created. For example, non-optimized datacan be created using one or more non-optimized procedures. One or morenon-optimized procedures can be performed when the input message doesnot include feedforward messages and/or optimization data. In themeasurement example developed above, non-optimized measurement recipe, anon-optimized measurement profile, or a non-optimized measurement model,or any combination thereof can be created when the optimization state isthe second value. As another example, a non-optimized etching recipe, anon-optimized etching profile, or a non-optimized etching model, or anycombination thereof can be created when the optimization state is thesecond value. A non-optimized etching recipe data, a non-optimizedetching profile data, or a non-optimized etching model data, or anycombination thereof can be sent to the etching subsystem when it iscreated elsewhere. In one embodiment, rather than creating anon-optimized procedure, step 465 may simply allow the subsystem toperform a process using a process recipe obtained from a pass throughmessage, without any optimization thereof.

In 490, the current wafer can be processed by the subsystem thatreceived the wafer and the input message, using up-dated data ornon-updated data. For example, updated data can include feed-forwarddata, tuned data, or optimized data, or any combination thereof, andnon-updated data can include historical data, un-tuned data, ornon-optimized data, or any combination thereof. When the wafer isprocessed in the subsystem using the updated, tuned, and/or optimizeddata, the processed wafer and the associated processing data can beidentified accordingly by changing the wafer state for the wafer. Whenthe wafer is processed in the subsystem using the non-updated, un-tuned,and/or non-optimized data, the processed wafer and the associatedprocessing data can be identified accordingly by changing the waferstate for the wafer.

Continuing with the measurement example above, the measurement subsystemcan perform a measurement of the wafer using an optimized and/ormeasurement process that was created based on the thickness datacollected from a etch subsystem. Alternatively, the etching subsystemcan perform an etching process based on thickness data collected from adeposition subsystem. In a preferred embodiment, an etching process canbe performed using updated data including improved measurement dataprovided from an optimized or tuned measurement process as describedabove.

Further, when a wafer is processed using updated data, the wafer and/ordata associated therewith can be identified as updated. For example,when the wafer is etched in the etching subsystem using the updatedrecipe data, the etched wafer can be identified as an updated wafer bychanging the wafer state for the wafer; and the etching (process result)data associated with the updated wafer can be identified and/or storedas updated process result (etching) data. For example, the updatedetching (process result) data may include the updated recipe data and/orEPD data. When the wafer is etched in the etching subsystem using thenon-updated data, the etched wafer can be identified as a non-updatedwafer by changing the wafer state for the wafer; and the etching dataassociated with the non-updated wafer can be identified and/or stored asnon-updated etching data. When the wafer is etched in the etchingsubsystem using the tuned data, the etched wafer can be identified as atuned wafer by changing the wafer state for the wafer; and the etchingdata associated with the tuned wafer can be identified and/or stored astuned etching data. When the wafer is etched in the etching subsystemusing the un-tuned data, the etched wafer can be identified as anun-tuned wafer by changing the wafer state for the wafer; and theetching data associated with the un-tuned wafer can be identified and/orstored as un-tuned etching data. When the wafer is etched in the etchingsubsystem using the optimized data, the etched wafer can be identifiedas an optimized wafer by changing the wafer state for the wafer; and theetching data associated with the optimized wafer can be identifiedand/or stored as optimized etching data. When the wafer is etched in theetching subsystem using the non-optimized data, the etched wafer can beidentified as a non-optimized wafer by changing the wafer state for thewafer; and the etching data associated with the non-optimized wafer canbe identified and/or stored as non-optimized etching data.

The etching data can also be identified as real-time feedforward data,real-time tuning data, and/or real-time optimization data for subsequentprocesses. Some parts of the etching data can be formatted and sent asfeedforward messages and/or data, and other parts of the etching datacan be formatted and sent as pass-through messages and/or data.

In addition, profile data for the etched features and/or structures ofthe current wafer and/or lot can be created, enhanced, and/or modifiedin the etching subsystem. When updated data is used, a new profile shapeand associated profile parameters can be identified and stored asupdated data elements. When tuned data is used, the profile shape andassociated profile parameters can be identified and stored as tuned dataelements. When optimized data is used, the profile shape and associatedprofile parameters can be identified and stored as optimized dataelements. When non-updated data is used, the profile shape andassociated profile parameters can be identified and stored asnon-updated data elements. When un-tuned data is used, the profile shapeand associated profile parameters can be identified and stored asun-tuned data elements. When non-optimized data is used, the profileshape and associated profile parameters can be identified and stored asnon-optimized data elements.

Furthermore, modeling data for the current wafer and/or lot can becreated, enhanced, and/or modified in the etching subsystem. Whenupdated data is used, a new etching model can be identified and storedas updated modeling data. When tuned data is used, a new etching modelcan be identified and stored as tuned modeling data. When optimized datais used, a new etching model can be identified and stored as optimizedmodeling data. When non-updated data is used, a new etching model can beidentified and stored as non-updated modeling data. When un-tuned datais used, a new etching model can be identified and stored as un-tunedmodeling data. When non-optimized data is used, a new etching model canbe identified and stored as non-optimized modeling data.

When a simulation is performed using updated, tuned, or optimized data,the simulation model and/or simulation data can be identified and/orstored accordingly.

A tuning procedure can be performed in real-time to create, modify,and/or use tuned etching recipe data, tuned etching profile data, ortuned etching model data, or any combination thereof. During a tuningprocedure one or more RTPT procedures can be performed. An optimizationprocedure can be performed in real-time to create, modify, and/or useoptimized etching recipe data, optimized etching profile data, oroptimized etching model data, or any combination thereof. During anoptimization procedure one or more RTPT procedures can be performed.

When an etch-related RTPT procedure is performed, the real-time waferthickness, temperature and/or n&k data and/or real-time wafertemperature data can be used to determine an etching chemistry, or anetching time, a processing gas ratio, an expected endpoint time, heaterpower, and/or RF power required.

When an RTPT procedure is performed, the real-time wafer thickness data,n&k data and/or real-time wafer temperature can be used to determine awafer radius for an alignment procedure and/or a measurement procedure.For example, edge cleanliness can affect the radius. In addition, asdimensions get smaller real-time wafer temperature can have a greaterimpact during aligning, measuring, and/or processing. The real-timewafer thickness data, n&k data and/or real-time wafer temperature datacan also be used to determine wafer curvature. Furthermore, thereal-time wafer thickness data, n &k data and/or real-time wafertemperature can be used to determine the actual wafer thickness when thealigning, measuring, and/or processing occur.

In other RTPT procedures, the real-time wafer thickness data, n&k dataand/or real-time wafer temperature can be used to determine acontaminant level, a contamination probability, and/or an out-gassingrate.

When other RTPT procedures are performed, the real-time wafer thicknessdata, n&k data and/or realtime wafer temperature can be used todetermine a nozzle position during a deposition procedure, and/or aprobe position during an alignment and/or measurement procedure. Inaddition, the real-time wafer thickness data, n &k data and/or real-timewafer temperature can be used to determine the amount of energy radiatedby the wafer in an alignment and/or measurement chamber. For example,the optical system, nozzle, and/or probe used may be position-sensitiveand/or temperature-sensitive.

In some RTPT procedures, the real-time wafer thickness data, n &k dataand/or real-time wafer temperature can be used to determine the opticalproperties for the wafer and/or used to determine a calibration factorfor the optical properties.

In some other RTPT procedures, the real-time wafer thickness data, n & kdata and/or real-time wafer temperature can be used to determine thecharacteristics of a mask and/or photoresist layer. For example, waferthickness may affect CDs and/or sidewall angles. The real-time waferthickness data, n&k data and/or real-time wafer temperature can bealtered by a thermal, an etching, ashing, and/or cleaning process.

In some additional RTPT procedures, the real-time wafer thickness data,n &k data and/or real-time wafer temperature can be used to determinethe correct location for a measurement site on the wafer. In addition,the real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data can be usedto determine the actual wafer thickness when the measurement occurs. Forexample, cooling rates and/or delay times may be used. Delay timesand/or cooling rates can be dependent on the process sequence beingused.

A RTO or a controller can create real-time wafer thickness data, realtime n&k data, real-time wafer temperature data, real-time tuning data,and/or real-time optimization data using the real-time feedforwardmessage when the input message includes a real-time feedforward message.The real-time message can include feedforward data, set-up data,configuration data, historical data, input data, output data, prioritydata, delay data, fault data, response data, error data, feedback data,pass-through data, internal data, external data, tuning and/or tuneddata, optimization and/or optimized data, status data, timing data,process results data, and/or measured data.

A RTO or a controller can feed forward real-time wafer thickness data,n&k data, real-time wafer temperature data, real-time tuning data,and/or real-time optimization data when the feedforward state is thefirst value, and does not feed forward the real-time wafer thicknessdata, n&k data, real-time tuning data, and/or real-time optimizationdata when the feedforward state is a second value. For example, one ormore TCDs associated with the RTO may be used to feed forward thereal-time wafer thickness data, real-time tuning data, and/or real-timeoptimization data to the measurement subsystem and/or other subsystems.

The procedure can also include collecting data using a MES, a RTO, aTCD, or a controller, the collected data including historical andreal-time wafer layer data; creating real-time wafer thickness,temperature and/or n&k data; creating a formatted message comprising thereal-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data; and sending theformatted message using a RTO, a TCD, or a controller.

The TCD can be coupled to another TCD, an external processing tool, oran external measurement tool, or any combination thereof. In addition,the TCD can be coupled to a plurality of subsystems, and the TCD canprocess the formatted message to create separate messages for one ormore of the subsystems.

The TCD can process, separate, and/or combine error messages from one ormore of the subsystems to create one or more error messages.

The feedforward data can comprises wafer state information, locationinformation, measurement information, vendor information, designinformation, chip layout information, library information, toolinformation, or searching information, or any combination thereof.

In still other embodiments, the method of processing a wafer can includereceiving a plurality of wafers and wafer data. A current wafer can beidentified, a wafer state can be established for each wafer, and thewafer data can include real-time wafer data. An input message can bereceived by a controller, and the input message can include thepass-through message, or a real-time feedforward message, or anycombination thereof. The procedure can include sending the current waferto an internal etching tool when the sequencing state is the firstvalue, and sending the wafer to an external etching tool when thesequencing state is a second value. Other wafers in a wafer lot can besent to other subsystems or other integrated metrology (IM) tools. Thefeed-forward messages and/or pass-through messages can be sent to thecorrect tool when the input message includes feed-forward messagesand/or pass-through messages. One or more TCDs can receive, process,modify, and/or send feed-forward messages and/or pass-through messages.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a procedure forprocessing a wafer in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Inthe illustrated embodiment, an exemplary procedure 500 is shown forusing one or more TCDs to process a wafer in real time. Alternatively,other procedures may be used.

In 505, data is collected by the wafer processing system and messagescan be created, processed, modified, sent, and/or received throughout aprocessing system in real time. Messages can include feed-forward dataand/or pass-through data. A host (MES) system can collect the data andprocess the collected data to create the feed-forward data and/or passthrough data. Alternatively, feed-forward data may be created and/ormodified by a subsystem and/or system controller. Data collectionprocedures can be performed before and/or while wafers are beingprocessed by a processing system. Preferably, data is continuouslycollected and messages are continuously generated and sent throughoutthe processing system to ensure that the most current information isavailable to facilitate operations in each subsystem of the waferprocessing system. Data can be collected using a host (MES) system, andthe collected data can include semiconductor processing data from two ormore processing tools and two or more metrology tools. The processingtools can include one or more etch tools, deposition tools, ALD tools,measurement tools, ionizations tools, polishing tools, coating tools,developing tools, cleaning tools, exposure tools, and thermal treatmenttools. In addition, the metrology tools can include a CD-ScanningElectron Microscopy (CDSEM) tool, a Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) tool, a focused ion beam (FIB) tool, an ODP tool, or anotheroptical metrology tool. The processing tools and/or metrology tools canhave different interface requirements. TCDs can be configured to satisfythese different interface requirements and can be used to“transparently” couple a number of different processing tools and/ormetrology tools to an existing processing system. The collected data caninclude historical and real-time wafer data and/or process data.Alternatively, additional data may be created and/or modified by asubsystem and/or system controller.

In 510, a wafer and messages are received by a subsystem of the waferprocessing system. The wafer may arrive at the subsystem either beforeor after the message. For example, a processing sequence can beestablished for the wafer by the host (MES) system, and the processingsequence can be sent in a message to the subsystem so that the asubsystem in the sequence can prepare for receiving the wafer. Forexample, wafer and/or process state data can be used before and/or whena wafer is received to establish a processing sequence. The processingsubsystem can be a deposition subsystem, etching subsystem, lithographysubsystem, or any other subsystem for performing a process on the wafer.Alternatively, a wafer can be received by a different subsystem.Further, messages may be received by the processing subsystem itself, ora TCD or RTO associated with the processing subsystem.

In one example, one or more messages can be processed in real time byone or more TCDs. A TCD can process one or more formatted messages andcreate one or more messages that include pass-through data and/or one ormore messages that can include feed-forward data. In addition, one ormore of the messages can include recipe data, profile data, modelingdata, tuning data, and/or optimization data that can be created, by ahost (MES) system. Alternatively, the data may be created and/ormodified by a subsystem and/or system controller. For example, aformatted message comprising pass-through data and/or feed-forward datacan be sent to a TCD that can be coupled to a processing tool, ameasurement tool, and the MES, and the TCD can parse the formattedmessage.

In 515, a query can be performed to determine when feed-forward data isavailable for use in the processing subsystem that received the wafer.When feed-forward data is not available, procedure 500 can branch to520, and when feed-forward data is available, procedure 500 can branchto 525. The feed-forward data can include real-time wafer data,real-time measured data, and/or real-time process data. For example, oneor more of the TCDs associated with the processing subsystem can beoperating in a “Feed-Forward” mode when feed-forward data is availableand/or when the feed-forward state is a first value, and thefeed-forward data can include real-time wafer thickness, temperatureand/or n&k data. In addition, one or more of the TCDs associated withthe processing subsystem can be operating in a “Non-Feed-Forward” modewhen feed-forward data is not available and/or when the feed-forwardstate is a second value.

In 520, a procedure is not updated in the first processing subsystem. Insome embodiments, a feed-forward message and/or data may not beavailable because of timing issues. When the feed-forward data is notavailable, the feed-forward message and/or data are not used to createupdated data that can be used to optimize and/or tune the processperformed in the subsystem. For example, when the wafer has beentransferred to a deposition subsystem, a non-updated deposition processcan be created, and non-updated deposition data can be generated. Whenthe wafer has been transferred to an etching subsystem, a non-updatedetch process can be created, and non-updated etch data can be generated.When the wafer has been transferred to a lithography subsystem, anon-updated lithography process can be created and non-updatedlithography data can be generated. Alternatively, in step 520, updatedprocess or data may not created, but rather the subsystem is caused toperform its process using an old process previously stored in thesubsystem and/or provided as part of a passthrough message.

In 525, an updated procedure can be created for the processing subsystemand updated data can be generated. For example, a process recipe for thefirst process tool can be tuned and/or optimized based on thefeedforward data, and the tuned and/or optimized recipe can be used toperform the process in the subsystem.

For example, when the wafer has been transferred to a depositionsubsystem, an updated deposition process can be created using thefeed-forward data, and updated deposition data can be created. Theupdated deposition data can include new and/or old real-time waferthickness and/or uniformity data. When the wafer has been transferred toan etching subsystem, an updated etching process can be created usingthe feed-forward data, and updated etch data can be created. The updatedetch data can include new and/or old real-time wafer thickness and/oruniformity data. The updated measurement data can include new and/or oldreal-time wafer thickness and/or uniformity data. When the wafer hasbeen transferred to a lithography subsystem, an updated lithographyprocess can be created using the feed-forward data, and updatedlithography data can be created. The updated lithography data caninclude new and/or old real-time wafer thickness and/or uniformity data.

A pass-through message can be sent to the subsystem by a processingtool, and a real-time feed-forward message may or may not be sent by theprocessing tool. One or more of the messages can be sent by acontroller/computer coupled to the processing tool. The pass-throughmessage can include recipe data that is not required immediately, andthe real-time feed-forward message can include recipe data that can beused immediately. For example, feed-forward message can includereal-time layer thickness data from a deposition subsystem that can beused in real-time by an etching subsystem to determine in real-timewhich etching recipe to use when etching the current wafer. Whenreal-time layer thickness data is provided to an etching tool, thecalculation time is reduced and the accuracy is improved.

In step 530, the process is performed in the processing subsystem. Asnoted above, the process performed in 530 can be an updated processwhere feedforward data is available, or a non-updated process wherefeedforward data is not available. Further, in 530 data resulting fromthe process is made available for collection so that new messages can begenerated and sent throughout the processing system. Thus, updated ornon-updated processing (process result) data can be generated. Theupdated data can be identified as real-time feed-forward data,pass-through data, and/or historical data. In addition, other data canbe identified. One or more real-time feed-forward messages can becreated and sent to the MES, and/or other subsystems. One or morepass-through messages can be created and sent to the MES, and/or othersubsystems. In addition, the historical data can be stored. Processingsequence and/or wafer state data can be used to create and/or send themessages.

In 535, a query is performed to determine whether to perform ameasurement procedure on the wafer after the process has been performedon the current wafer. The measurement procedure is preferably an opticalmeasurement such as an ODP measurement process for measuring 2D and/or3D structures on the wafer. The query in step 535 may be resolved basedon a processing sequence established by the host for the wafer, forexample. When the current wafer does not require measurement, procedure500 can branch to 540, and when the current wafer requires measurement,procedure 500 can branch to 560.

In 540, a query can be performed to determine when another processsequence is required for the current wafer. Where another process is tobe performed on the current wafer, the procedure 500 loops back to step510 where a processing subsystem (the same or different from theprevious processing system) receives the current wafer and processes thewafer as discussed above. In this regard, the additional processincludes another query for current feedforward data that may have beenreceived in a message to the processing subsystem. For example, adeposition procedure may have previously been performed and the newfeed-forward data may include real-time wafer thickness and/oruniformity data.

Further, the new feedforward data may be received directly from theprocessing subsystem that performed the previous process on the wafer.For example, a wafer can be processed by a deposition subsystem using anupdated deposition procedure, and real-time wafer thickness, temperatureand/or n&k data can be generated by the deposition subsystem. Then thewafer can be transferred to an etching subsystem. The depositionsubsystem can send feed-forward messages to the etching subsystem. Theetching subsystem can receive and process the feed-forward messages andcan extract the real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data.The etching system can use the real-time wafer thickness, temperatureand/or n&k data to establish tuned etching data that can include anetching recipe, an etching time, and/or an etching chemistry. Next, theetching subsystem can etch the wafer using the tuned etching data. Inaddition, when real-time layer thickness data is provided to an etchingtool, the calculation time is reduced and the accuracy is improved.

Where another process is not performed on the current wafer, the currentwafer is removed from the processing system is step 543, and adetermination is made in step 545 whether another wafer is to beprocessed by the processing system. Where another wafer is to beprocessed, then the procedure 500 loops back to step 510 where theanother wafer is received in a processing subsystem and processing isperformed in the subsystem as discussed above. Processing for theadditional wafer may be tuned or optimized based on data obtained from aprevious process on the additional wafer and/or data obtained for otherwafers. Where no additional wafer is available for processing, theprocedure ends in step 550.

Returning to step 535, where a measurement procedure is to be performedon a wafer, the wafer and messages are received by a measurementsubsystem of the wafer processing system in step 555. The measurementsubsystem can be any optical measurement system, but is preferably anODP system that performs 2D and 3d measurements on the wafer usingscatterometry. Further, messages may be received by the measurementsubsystem itself, or a TCD or RTO associated with the processingsubsystem.

In 560, a query can be performed to determine when feed-forward data isavailable for use in the measurement subsystem that received the wafer.When feed-forward data is not available, procedure 500 can branch to565, and when additional feed-forward data is available, procedure 500can branch to 570. For example, a deposition procedure and an etchingprocedure may have previously been performed and the additionalfeed-forward data may include real-time wafer thickness, temperatureand/or n&k data from a deposition process and/or real-time waferthickness, temperature and/or n&k data from an etching process.

In 565, a procedure is not updated in the measurement subsystem. Forexample, a feedforward messages/data may not be available to themeasurement subsystem due to timing issues. When the feed-forward datais not available, the feed-forward message and/or data are not used tocreate updated data that can be used to optimize and/or tune themeasurement process performed in the measurement subsystem. For example,non-updated measurement recipe data, non-updated measurement profiledata, and/or non-updated measurement modeling data can be created in 565using pass-through and/or historic data. Alternatively, in step 565 anupdated process or data may not be created, but rather the measurementsubsystem is caused to perform its process using an old measurementprocess previously stored in the subsystem and/or provided as part of apass-through message.

In 570, updated measurement data can be created. Updated measurementrecipe data, updated measurement profile data, and/or updatedmeasurement modeling data can be created using real-time feed-forwarddata. For example, the updated measurement recipe data, the updatedmeasurement profile data, and/or the updated measurement modeling datacan be created using real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/oruniformity data. The real-time data can be passed to a measurement toolas RTPT procedure variables/parameters, can be used to override currentrecipe data, profile, and/or model default values, to override currentsequencing state data, to override current start times, and can be usedto narrow the search space for determining recipes, profiles, and/ormodels and their associated accuracy limits.

In step 575, the measurement process is performed in the processingsubsystem. As noted above, the measurement process performed in 575 canbe an updated process where feedforward data is available, or anon-updated process where feedforward data is not available. Further, in575 measurement data resulting from the process is made available forcollection so that new messages can be generated and sent throughout theprocessing system. Thus, the measurement process (updated ornon-updated) can also result in updated data such as measurementresults. The updated data can be identified as real-time feed-forwarddata, pass-through data, and/or historical data. In addition, other datacan be identified. One or more real-time feed-forward messages can becreated and sent to the MES, and/or other subsystems. One or morepass-through messages can be created and sent to the MES, and/or othersubsystems. In addition, the historical data can be stored. Processingsequence and/or wafer state data can be used to create and/or send themessages.

Once a measurement process has been performed, the procedure 500continues to 540 where a query is made whether to perform an additionalprocess on the current wafer after the measurement process. Whereanother process is to be performed on the current wafer, the procedure500 loops back to step 510, where a processing subsystem receives thecurrent wafer and processes the wafer as discussed above. Where anotherprocess is not performed on the current wafer, the current wafer isremoved from the processing system is step 543, and a determination ismade in step 545 whether another wafer is to be processed by theprocessing system as also discussed above. Where no additional wafer isavailable for processing, the procedure ends in step 550.

Thus, procedure 500 provides a flexible procedure whereby data iscontinuously collected by a processing system and the most currentinformation can be used to tune and/or optimize procedures in processingand/or measurement subsystems. One or more processes can be performed ona the current wafer prior to measuring the wafer. For example, ameasurement can be performed by the measurement subsystem after eachprocess performed on the wafer. Alternatively, a measurement process maynever be performed on a current wafer, such as where the current waferis not a selected wafer in a lot sampling procedure.

In one embodiment, the procedure of FIG. 5 can be used to perform DTMOmeasurements in connection with an etch process. In this embodiment, afirst CVD deposition process is performed to deposit a USG film on asubstrate. Film thickness data from the USG deposition process can besent to a host computer. The thickness measurements can be obtained by ameasurement device on the CVD system, or by calculation based ondeposition rates and times, for example. Further, the film thicknessinformation may be provided for different measurement sites across thewafer. Once the USG layer is deposited, a second CVD process can be usedto deposit a SiN layer on the USG layer. The SiN layer may be depositedwith or without an updated procedure created based on the thicknessmeasurements from the USG deposition process. Film thickness data fromthe SiN deposition process can be sent to the host computer. Thethickness measurements (for one or more measurement sites) can beobtained by a measurement system of the CVD system, or by calculationbased on deposition rates and times, for example. A DTMO etch is thenperformed to etch a feature in the USG and SiN layers. Again the USG andSiN thickness data may be used to provide an updated etch process, andthe etch system can send new data to the host about etch rates, timesetc. After etching, the wafer can be measured in an ODP measurementprocess to determine a structure of the etched feature. The ODPmeasurement system can use thickness data from the any or all of thepreviously performed processes to update a measurement procedure toensure accurate measurement.

A processing sequence and/or wafer state can be used to determine how toprocess and/or when to receive messages. One or more pass-throughmessages can be received by the measurement and/or processing tool, anda real-time feed-forward message may or may not be received by themeasurement and/or processing tool. One or more of the messages can bereceived and/or processed by a TCD and/or controller coupled to themeasurement and/or processing tool. The pass-through message can includedata that is not required immediately, and the real-time feed-forwardmessage can include data that can be used immediately. For example,feed-forward message can include real-time layer thickness data from adeposition subsystem that can be used in real-time by an etchingsubsystem to determine in real-time which etching recipe to use whenetching the current wafer. When real-time thickness and/or thermal datacan be provided to an etching tool, the calculation time can be reducedand the accuracy can be improved.

Accuracy values can be determined for the updated and/or non-updatedprocedures and/or results, the accuracy values can be compared toaccuracy limits, and refinement and/or optimization procedures can beperformed if the accuracy values do not meet the accuracy limits.Alternatively, other procedures can be performed, other sites can beused, or other wafers can be used.

When a refinement procedure is used, the refinement procedure canutilize bilinear refinement, Lagrange refinement, Cubic Splinerefinement, Aitken refinement, weighted average refinement,multi-quadratic refinement, bi-cubic refinement, Turran refinement,wavelet refinement, Bessel's refinement, Everett refinement,finite-difference refinement, Gauss refinement, Hermite refinement,Newton's divided difference refinement, osculating refinement, orThiele's refinement algorithm, or a combination thereof.

When measurements are made using optical techniques, the measuredsignals can include layer-dependent and/or wafer-thickness-dependentsignals and/or spectra, and can include intensity, transmission,reflection, diffraction, and/or refraction signals and/or spectra, orany combination thereof. Alternatively, a measured signal can dependupon the wafer thickness uniformity data and/or other waferthickness-related data.

In some embodiments, a completion time and/or execution time candetermined for the RTPT procedures. The completion time and/or executiontime to a measurement and/or processing start time to determine if thereis enough time to establish the updated recipe. The wafer can bemeasured and/or processed using the updated measurement recipe if thecompletion time and/or execution time are less than the processing starttime, or the wafer can be measured using a non-updated measurementrecipe if the completion time and/or execution time are not less thanthe processing start time.

Processing sequences can change with time. When a process sequence isbeing developed, the through-put can be less than desired because theconfidence values are lower and the risk factors are higher for newprocesses and additional measurement steps are required to raise theconfidence values and lower the risk factors. When wafers are measuredusing separate and/or external measurement tools, additional time isrequired.

Before, during, and/or after each process step in the processingsequence, real-time data can be created, processed, received, and/orsent, and the real-time data can include real-time measured, tuned,and/or optimized data. When real-time data is created, the real-timedata and the creation time can be stored and can be examined todetermine when the real-time data can be used. When real-time data isprocessed, the real-time data and the time stamp can be examined todetermine what part of the real-time data can be used and how it can beused. When real-time data is received, the real-time data and thereception time can be stored and can be examined to determine when thereal-time data can be used. Received messages can include time stampeddata. When real-time data is sent, the real-time data and thetransmission time can be stored and can be examined to determine whenthe real-time data can be used. Sent messages can include time stampeddata. For example, the real-time data can be received and/or sent asreal-time feedforward, pass-through, RTPT, and/or optimization data.Alternatively, other data may be created, received, and/or sent.Intervention and/or judgment rules may be established and used todetermine when and how to process the real-time data, and theintervention and/or judgment rules can be process, device, product,and/or customer dependent.

In some embodiments, a real-time process optimizer can receive and/oruse real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to tuneand/or optimize a deposition process recipe in real-time; a real-timeprofile optimizer can receive and/or use real-time wafer thickness,temperature and/or n&k data to tune and/or optimize a layer profile;and/or a real-time model optimizer can receive and/or use real-timewafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to tune and/or optimize amodel for the deposition process. During and/or after the mask layerdeposition, process result data can be obtained and can be used in RTPTprocedures. For example, the new real-time wafer thickness, temperatureand/or n&k data may be obtained that can be fed forward to tune and/oroptimize the next process before the next process is performed.

When new real-time data is established for the current wafer by aprocedure associated with a deposition tool, and when the new real-timedata from the deposition process can be fed forward to an exposure toolbefore the current wafer is exposed a more accurate exposure process canbe performed on the current wafer. For example, layer thickness andthickness uniformity data can be fed forward from the deposition tool toan exposure tool. When the new real-time data from the depositionprocess cannot be fed forward to the exposure tool before the currentwafer is exposed, a less accurate exposure process may be performed onthe current wafer because the newest real-time data is not being used.

When new real-time data is established for the current wafer by aprocedure associated with an exposure tool, and when the real-time datafrom the exposure process can be fed forward to a developing tool beforethe current wafer is developed, an updated (more accurate) developingprocess can be performed on the current wafer. For example, exposuretimes, exposure doses, and/or uniformity data can be fed forward from anexposure tool to a developing tool. When the real-time optimization datafrom the exposure process cannot be fed forward to a developing toolbefore the current wafer is developed, a less accurate developingprocess may be performed on the current wafer because the newestreal-time data is not being used.

When new real-time data is established for the current wafer by aprocedure associated with a developing tool, and when the new real-timedata from the developing process can be fed forward to an etching toolbefore the current wafer is etched, an updated (more accurate) etchingprocess can be performed on the current wafer. For example, processingtimes and thickness can be fed forward from a developing tool to anetching tool. When the new real-time data from a developing processcannot be fed forward to an etching tool before the current wafer isetched, a less accurate etching process may be performed on the currentwafer because newest real-time data is not being used.

When new real-time data is established for the current wafer by aprocedure associated with an etching tool, and when the new real-timedata from the etching process can be fed forward to a measurement toolbefore the current wafer is measured an updated (more accurate)measurement process can be performed on the current wafer. For example,etching rates and etching times can be fed forward from an etching toolto tune a recipe, a profile estimate, or a model, or a combinationthereof in a measurement tool. When the new real-time data from anetching process cannot be fed forward to a measurement tool before thecurrent wafer is measured, a less accurate measurement process may beperformed on the current wafer because the newest real-time data is notbeing used.

In addition, real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data canbe provided to a real-time process optimizer associated with themetrology tool, and the real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/orn&k data can be used to determine when a library-based recipe can beused, or when a regression-based recipe can be used, or when amachine-learning recipe can be used. Alternatively, other feedforwarddata may be used. A real-time model optimizer associated with themetrology tool can use real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&kdata to determine when a one-dimensional model can be used, or when atwo-dimensional model can be used, or when a three-dimensional model canbe used. Alternatively, other feedforward data may be used. A real-timeprofile optimizer associated with the metrology tool can use real-timewafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data to determine a profileshape, or a unit cell shape, or a number of unit cells.

When EPD is used to stop an etching process, the EPD time and the etchrate can be used to calculate an estimated film thickness. Duringprocessing etch rate monitor wafers can be run periodically, and ameasurement tool can be used to measure the film thicknesses before andafter a blanket wafer etch. The etching tool can calculate an etch ratewithout external metrology. For example, EPD data from a first patteredwafer can be used to tune (update) a film thickness model.

During process development, stable processes are first developed andthen the stable processes can be tuned and/or optimized. RTPT procedurescan be used during process stabilization, process enhancement, andprocess optimization.

During a process stabilization sequence, one or more additionalmeasurement steps can be used to raise confidence values and/or decreaserisk factors before a process optimization sequence is established.Delay times can be used to wait for tuning and/or optimization databefore performing a process, and delay times can be used to wait fortuned and/or optimized data before performing a process. A measurementstep can be performed before the etching process is performed to obtaindata for a patterned mask layer that can be used to compare with thepatterned etched layer. In addition, measurements can be made after adeposition process, and these measurements can provide thickness data,uniformity data, and/or optical properties data that can be fed forwardas real-time data or historical data. Wafer thickness, temperatureand/or n&k data can be obtained from processing tools, measurementtools, alignment tools, transfer tools, inspection tools, and/or patternrecognition tools.

Some measurement sites can be non-measurable due to interference fromunderlying layers and or structures. Interference-based maps can becreated and used to determine site location for measurements. Inaddition, interference profiles and/or models can be created.

In some fabrication environments, RTPT procedures and integratedmetrology tools can provide measurement data that was previouslyunavailable; can provide measurement data faster; can provide a morecomplete understanding of a process, can replace destructive methods;can provide more accurate checking of chamber performance, can provide afaster sampling rate, can improve within-wafer uniformity, can reducethe number of wafers at risk, and can provide shorter reaction times toprocess and/or tool excursions.

In some embodiments, a deep trench process can be performed. Forexample, a multi-step deposition process can produce a photoresist layeron top of an un-patterned BARC layer and one or more underlying masklayers, and real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data canbe obtained during and/or after each step in the deposition process. Thereal-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data from thedeposition process can be used in subsequent processes. A multi-stepetch process can be performed after the multi-step deposition processand the real-time wafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data can befed forward to one or more etching tools.

A first etch process step can produce a first layer consisting ofpatterned holes in the photoresist on top of the un-patterned BARC layerand the one or more underlying mask layers. For example, the real-timewafer thickness, temperature and/or n&k data can include thicknessand/or uniformity data for the photoresist layer that can be used todetermine an etching time and/or chemistry. When a first measurementprocess is performed after the first etch step, the real-time waferthickness, temperature and/or n&k data can be fed forward to themetrology tool and can be used to select the proper library and/orprocess space in a library. The first measurement process can beperformed using an integrated metrology and/or reference metrology tool.A CD-SEM can be used as the reference metrology tool, and an iODP toolcan be used as the integrated metrology tool. When an iODP tool is used,a profile model can be created that represents the structure to bemeasured. A good profile model must generate a simulated spectrum thatclosely matches a measured spectrum from a wafer. The GOF values can beused to determine the quality of a fit between the measured andsimulated signals and/or feature/structures. Measurements can be madeafter one or more of the four process steps.

Next, a second etch process (first mask open) can be performed, thephotoresist and BARC layers can be removed, and one or more of the masklayers can be patterned. Then, a third etch process (second mask open)can be performed, one or more mask layers can be removed, and thepattern can be etch through one or more additional mask layers. Finally,a recess etch step can be performed, a deep trench can be formed in thewafer material and a portion of one or more masking layers may remain.Historically, deep trenches have been measured using the FIB technique.

Before, during, and/or after measurements are made profile parametersand/or priorities can be established and/or changed. After the firstetch process, the highest priority parameter can be the bottom CD of theprinted holes in the photoresist. High priority data can includephotoresist thickness and uniformity. For example, iODP data and/orhistorical (CD-SEM) data can be obtained for bottom CD for one or moredies on a measured wafer. In some fabrication environments, a smalloffset may occur between the newly measured (iODP) data and thehistorical (CD-SEM) data, but this can be corrected using a calibrationprocedure. In addition, there can be die-to-die variation in the newlymeasured (iODP) data and/or the historical (CD-SEM) data. Averaging canbe used to minimize the effect of the variations, and averaging can beadvantageous when within-wafer process data and trends are beinganalyzed.

For the second and third etch processes, the high priority parameterscan include bottom CD, and/or the thickness of the remaining mask layer,and lower priority parameters can include middle CD, top CD, and/or BARCthickness. For example, real-time iODP data and/or historical (FIB) datacan be obtained for bottom CD for one or more dies on a measured wafer.The second and/or third etch process can be updated (tuned) using thereal-time iODP data obtained after the first etch process. In addition,the third etch process can be updated (tuned) using the real-time iODPdata obtained after the second etch process.

Historically, some of these features have been measured using the FIBtechnique, and this can present a problem because the FIB technique hasa destructive nature and low throughput. When integrated metrology toolsare used, real-time iODP data can be obtained, and a more accuratemeasurement technique can be provided for these features. When offsetsoccur between the real-time iODP data and historical (FIB) data, theseoffsets can be corrected using a calibration procedure. An offset mayoccur due to the different methods used for the thickness measurements.Feed forward data may be used to reduce the offset and improve theaccuracy of the calibration process.

For the recess etch process, the high priority parameters can includebottom CD, and/or the thickness of the remaining mask layer, and lowerpriority parameters can include middle CD, top CD, and/or BARCthickness. The recess etch process can be updated (tuned) using thereal-time iODP data obtained after the first etch process, the secondetch process, and/or the third etch process. In addition, when layerfeatures have high aspect ratios, the shape of the feature can vary withthe depth of the features. For example, the shape in the XY plane may berhomboidal at the upper surface, and elliptical at lower depths.

In some deep trench procedures, the first three processes can beperformed as a first sequence and the recess etch process can beperformed as a second sequence. The recess etch process can be updated(tuned) using the real-time iODP data obtained after the first threeprocesses are performed. Measurements can be made before and/or afterthe first sequence, and a first set of measurement data can includebottom CD data and/or thickness data. In addition, measurements can bemade before and/or after the second sequence, and a second set ofmeasurement data can include bottom CD data and/or thickness data.Thickness data can be provided for a photoresist layer, a BARC layer,one or more masking layers, and one or more substrate layers RTPTprocedures can be used to reduce within-wafer CD variation,wafer-to-wafer CD variation, to compensate for chamber-to-chambervariation, to compensate for tool-to-tool variations, and to allow agiven lot to be processed across multiple chambers, thereby maximizingthroughput.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing a method for determining a tuned ODPmeasurement result based on tuning data in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. The process of FIG. 6 is performedby a wafer processing system including a processing subsystem, an ODPsubsystem and a TCD. The processing subsystem may be implemented as anetch subsystem a lithography subsystem or any of the wafer processingsubsystems described with respect to FIGS. 1-5 above. Similarly, the ODPmeasurement subsystem may be implemented as any of the ODP measurementsubsystems described with respect to FIGS. 1-5 above. Thus, the ODPsubsystem includes measurement hardware (such as a light source anddetector) for obtaining a diffraction signal from the wafer, and asignal analyzer (such as the PAS described above) for determining ameasurement result from the diffraction signal. The TCD may be externalto the processing and ODP subsystems as shown in FIG. 3, or the TCD canbe integral with the processing subsystem and/or the ODP subsystem.

In step 605 the TCD receives an input message. The input message mayinclude tuning data and/or non-tuning data. The tuning data can begenerated based on various information collected by a processor (such asthe host computer) from any subsystem of a wafer processing system. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 6, tuning data is any data that can be used tomodify or “tune” an ODP measurement process that was previouslyestablished for a wafer or lot, and non-tuning data is data that cannotbe used to modify or tune the ODP measurement process. Tuning data caninclude feedforward data as described herein, and non-tuning data mayinclude pass-through data as described herein. In the embodiment of FIG.6, the tuning data is sent to the ODP signal analyzer for use in tuningthe ODP measurement process, while non-tuning data is sent to theprocessing subsystem for use in a process performed by the processingsubsystem and/or a measurement performed by the ODP measurementhardware.

In step 610, the TCD determines whether the input message includestuning data. For example, a controller of the TCD may search or parsethe input message for tuning data that can be used to tune the ODPmeasurement process. Where the TCD determines in step 610 that the inputmessage includes tuning data, the process proceeds to step 615 where thetuning data is obtained from the input message and sent to the ODPsignal analyzer. For example, a controller of the TCD may be used toextract the tuning data from the input message, and send the tuning datato the ODP signal analyzer. In one embodiment, the tuning data is sentdirectly to the ODP signal analyzer, however, other routing may be used.The tuning data is stored in the ODP signal analyzer until it is neededto tune an ODP measurement process, as will be discussed further below.

The tuning data obtained in 615 can be wafer characteristic data such aslayer thickness, wafer temperature, wafer layer porosity, reflectivity,refractivity, n&k values and/or any other characteristic of the waferthat can affect optical measurement of the wafer. As would be understoodby one of ordinary skill in the art, the n&k value of a film indicates areflectivity/refractivity property of a film based on knowncharacteristics such as material composition, doping, porosity etc.Wafer characteristic data can be directly measured during a previousprocess, or determined based on raw process data collected during theprevious process. For example, the tuning data can be a deposited filmthickness measured by an integrated metrology tool on a CVD subsystem ordetermined based on a deposition rate and time recorded by the CVDsubsystem. In one embodiment, the tuning data obtained in step 615 israw process data used by the processing and/or ODP subsystem tocalculate wafer characteristic data, that in turn is used to tune an ODPmeasurement process. The tuning data can also be non-characteristic datathat can be used to modify the measurement result in some way. Forexample, the tuning data can be instructions generated by a host foroffsetting a measurement result obtained during the ODP process.Alternatively, the tuning data can be a new recipe generated by the hostand sent to the ODP subsystem to replace an existing measurement recipe.

In step 620, non-tuning data is sent to the processing subsystem. Asnoted above, in the embodiment of FIG. 6, non-tuning data is data thatcannot be used to tune an ODP measurement process. For example,non-tuning data can include measurement setup data, processing setupdata, initial measurement recipes, processing recipes, waferidentification data, or other data that can be used by the ODPmeasurement hardware to obtain a diffraction signal from a wafer and/orby the processing subsystem to perform a process on a wafer.

The non-tuning data sent to the processing subsystem in step 620 can bedata remaining after tuning data is extracted in step 615. That is,where an input message includes both tuning data and non-tuning data,the tuning data is extracted and sent to the ODP signal analyzer in step615, and the remaining non-tuning data is sent to the processingsubsystem in step 620. Further, in the embodiment of FIG. 6, if theinput message does not include tuning data (for tuning the ODPmeasurement process), then the input message includes only non-tuningdata. Thus, where step 610 determines that tuning data is not includedin the input message, then the process continues to step 620 where thenon-tuning data is sent to the processing subsystem. In this regard, theinput message containing only non-tuning data is preferably sent to theprocessing subsystem “as is” without modification by the TCD.

In one embodiment, where the TCD receives an input message includingboth tuning and non-tuning data, the TCD can first obtain and send thetuning data to the ODP signal analyzer as described in step 615. The TCDwill then wait for the ODP signal analyzer to send a verification replyto the TCD indicating that the tuning data was received and did notgenerate any errors in the ODP subsystem. If such a verification isreceived, the TCD will then send the non-tuning data to the processingtool, but if the verification signal is not received due to an error,the non-tuning data will not be sent to the processing tool until theerror is cleared. In an alternative embodiment, the TCD will send thetuning data to the ODP signal analyzer and also send the non-tuning datato the processing tool, and the ODP signal analyzer and processing toolwill independently deal with exceptions for the respective data

In step 625, the TCD determines whether more input messages exist to beprocessed by the TCD. In one embodiment, input messages for an entirelot of wafers are sent from a host to the TCD, and the TCD processes allmessages for the lot to obtain tuning and non-tuning data for all wafersin the lot. All tuning data for the lot is sent to the signal analyzerof the ODP subsystem where it is stored for later use in tuning ameasurement result, and all non-tuning data for the lot is sent to theprocessing subsystem to control processing and measurement for the lot.Alternatively, input messages can be sent from the host or any subsystemto the TCD on a wafer to wafer basis. Where additional input messagesexist, the process returns to step 605, where the additional messagesare processed by the TCD. Where no additional input messages exist, theprocess continues to step 630 where a wafer processing sequence isstarted. Thus, steps 605-625 provide a setup sequence whereby data isobtained from an input message(s) and routed to the processing subsystemor ODP subsystem as necessary prior to performing any processing of awafer.

Once the setup sequence is completed, a processing sequence of thewafer(s) begins in step 630. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the waferprocessing sequence is controlled by the processing subsystem accordingto non-tuning data provided to the processing subsystem in step 620. Thepassthrough data can include instructions for processing a wafer in theprocessing subsystem, and/or instructions for performing an ODPmeasurement process in the ODP subsystem. The ODP measurement processcan be performed on each wafer in a lot, or only on sample wafers of thelot. Further, the ODP measurement process can be performed on a waferbefore and/or after processing of the wafer in the processing subsystem.Thus, in step 635, the processing subsystem determines whether an ODPmeasurement process is required for a wafer. Where no measurement isrequired, a process such as etching, deposition etc. is performed on thewafer in step 640, and the procedure returns to step 630 where theprocessing sequence continues. Thus, steps 630-640 are performed untilan ODP measurement is required.

When an ODP measurement is required, the procedure proceeds to step 645where an optical measurement is performed on the wafer using ODPmeasurement hardware. In one embodiment, the processing subsystemdetermines when an optical measurement is needed and sends to the ODPmeasurement hardware only the data necessary for performing thatmeasurement. For example, where a setup sequence was performed for anentire lot of wafers and the processing subsystem stores all non-tuningdata for the lot, the processing subsystem can send only non-tuning dataneeded to perform that measurement (e.g. measurement setup and recipes)to the ODP measurement hardware. The ODP measurement hardware will thenload the wafer and make measurements according to the data provided bythe processing subsystem. Specifically, the ODP measurement hardwareprovides light incident on the wafer and detects a diffraction signalfrom a measurement site on the wafer. The diffraction signal may bespectral data, for example. In a preferred embodiment, a diffractionsignal is detected for multiple sites on a wafer, such as the 13 x&ylocations listed in Table 1 above.

In one embodiment of the invention, the ODP measurement hardware caninclude additional sensors for providing internal tuning data (internalto the ODP subsystem) that can also be used to tune an OPD measurementprocess. For example, a light source and/or detector component of theODP measurement hardware can include a temperature sensor for providingtemperature data associated with each of the diffraction signalsdetected in step 645. Alternatively, the hardware can be modified tomeasure thickness, porosity, reflectivity and/or collect any other wafercharacteristic data that can be obtained during the measurement processin step 645. This “internal” tuning data can be stored in the ODPsubsystem's signal analyzer along with “external” tuning data sent instep 615. All tuning data can then be used to tune the ODP measurementprocess.

Once the measurement process is performed by the measurement hardware,in step 650 the ODP measurement subsystem determines whether tuning datais available for a diffraction signal obtained in step 645. Theavailable tuning data may be external tuning data or internal tuningdata, as noted above. In one embodiment, the ODP signal analyzerreceives a preliminary message that prompts the ODP subsystem toretrieve the tuning data for storage.

Where step 650 determines that no tuning data exists, the processproceeds to step 655 where the ODP signal analyzer determines ameasurement result without tuning the ODP process. Step 655 includesmatching a diffraction signal obtained in step 645 with a simulateddiffraction signal, and obtaining a measurement result associated withthe simulated diffraction signal. A measurement result can be a CDmeasurement, a structure profile, a trench or via profile, a depth, amultilayer thickness measurement, and/or any other measurement resultthat can be obtained by use of ODP techniques. Determination of themeasurement result can be based on a library system or regression systemfor identifying a simulated diffraction signal and associatedmeasurement result. As step 655 is performed without using tuning data,the ODP measurement result is an un-tuned measurement result, as withconventional methods discussed in the background section above.

However, where step 650 determines that tuning data (external orinternal) is available, the process proceeds to step 660 where the ODPsignal analyzer determines a measurement result by tuning the ODPmeasurement process. In one embodiment, the ODP signal analyzer cancheck and validate the tuning data. For example, where the tuning datais an invalid range or an invalid format, the OPD signal analyzer cansend an error signal or alarm back to the processing tool (or any othersource of the tuning date).

The ODP signal analyzer determines the measurement result based on thediffraction signal obtained in step 645 and any tuning data obtained instep 615 and/or step 645. For example, the tuning data, and inparticular wafer characteristic data such as temperature, thickness andn&k values, can be used as variable parameters to override defaultvalues for these parameters in the ODP measurement process. With alibrary based measurement process, this tuning data can be used topinpoint a small range of possible matches in the library forconsideration, thereby reducing the time to achieve the measurementresult. Similarly, with the regression based measurement process, thetuning data and/or wafer characteristic data can be used to provide aninitial matching possibility that is close to the actual match, therebyreducing the regression iterations and the time to achieve a measurementresult. Thus, the tuned measurement result obtained in step 660 can be ameasurement result that is obtained more efficiently with the use oftuning data.

Alternatively, the tuning data may be used to improve the accuracy ofthe measurement result. In one embodiment, the tuning data may be usedto tune the measured diffraction signal obtained in step 645 prior tomatching this measured signal with a simulated diffraction signal aspart of step 660. For example, wafer n&k values provided from theexternal tuning data in step 620, or calculated in the optical analysissystem can be used to modify the diffraction spectrum obtained in step645 to have a spectral signature consistent with the n&k value. Thistuned diffraction spectrum is then used to obtain a matching simulateddiffraction signal.

However, the above-described tuning of the diffraction signal itself caninvolve complex and time consuming computations. Thus, in an alternativeembodiment, the tuning data can be used to tune a preliminarymeasurement result obtained by the ODP analyzer. For example, wafertemperature data provided in step 620 and/or step 645 may be used by theODP analyzer to determine a CD shift of +2 nm, for example.Alternatively, this offset value can be determined outside the ODPsubsystem and forwarded to the ODP subsystem as part of the externaltuning data. Once the ODP signal analyzer determines a preliminary CDmeasurement result using conventional methods, the CD shift value of +2nm is simply added to the preliminary measurement to provide a tunedmeasurement result. Such offset tuning of the measurement result can beachieved more efficiently than the above example of tuning byrecalculating the measured diffraction signal itself. In one example,the ODP measurement subsystem can receive a standard tool calibrationprocedure that is broadcast by the host computer to all similar tools inthe factory, and also receive specific tuning data used to offsetmeasurement results of the specific tool. The offset value can be basedon known variation in measurement results for the specific tool, knownvariation in processing subsystems in line with the specific tool etc.

Once a measurement result is determined (either untuned in step 655, ortuned in step 660), the measurement result is sent to the processingsubsystem (preferably in real time) for use in a control strategy foroptimizing a process, as shown in step 665. The processing subsystem mayuse the measurement result as part of a “tuning” or “feedback” controlstrategy for optimizing a process. For example, where the ODPmeasurement is performed on a wafer prior to processing the wafer in theprocessing subsystem, the measurement result can be used in a tuningcontrol strategy for optimizing the subsequent process to be performedon the measured wafer in the processing subsystem. Where the measurementis performed on a wafer after processing the wafer in the processingsubsystem, the measurement result can be used in a feedback controlstrategy for optimizing a process to be performed on the next wafer inthe processing subsystem.

In the embodiment of FIG. 6, “optimization” of a process means using ameasurement result to optimize a process recipe, a process model and/ora process profile. As described above, an RTO associated with aprocessing subsystem (such as an etch tool, deposition tool etc.) canobtain the measurement result and optimize the process performed by thesubsystem. Whether the optimized process is available for a particularwafer can be determined based on timing requirements as describedherein.

Once the ODP measurement result is provided for use in a controlstrategy, the process in FIG. 6 may end or loop back to step 630 wherefurther wafer processing is performed.

In some embodiments, when the message does not include tuning data, themessage can be sent in its present form to a process tool or measurementtool as setup data. When the message does include tuning data, a TCD canremove the tuning data from the message and sends the tuning data to theoptical measurement hardware, and any remaining part of the message canbe sent to another subsystem and/or tool. The process tool can then senda message to the measurement hardware system at the appropriate time(when a wafer is ready to be measurement). For example, setup sequencesand/or run-time sequence may be performed. During a setup sequence, aTCD can receive one or more messages and can look for PAS tuning data ineach wafer or lot setup message. When the TCD finds a tuning parameter,the TCD can forward just this part of the message to the PAS and the PAScan store this data in a database for later use. In addition, standardsetup information can be sent to the process tool. After the processtool accepts the setup messages successfully, then the lot of wafer canstart processing. If the first wafer is a pre measurement wafer, thenthe process tool can send just the setup information for the given waferto the metrology hardware (wafer 1). The metrology hardware will loadthe wafer and start making measurements at one or more sites. Duringeach measurement the measurement hardware can send a spectral data setto the PAS. When the PAS receives the spectral data, it then looks fortuning data in the database (e.g., if it was expecting tuning data). ThePAS then uses this data with the spectral data to calculate data for thegiven site. The calculated data can then be sent back to the measurementhardware and/or to the process tool in real-time site by site.

Although only certain embodiments of this invention have been describedin detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatmany modifications are possible in the embodiments without materiallydeparting from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention.Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included withinthe scope of this invention. Thus, the description is not intended tolimit the invention and the configuration, operation, and behavior ofthe present invention has been described with the understanding thatmodifications and variations of the embodiments are possible, given thelevel of detail present herein. Accordingly, the preceding detaileddescription is not mean or intended to, in any way, limit theinvention—rather the scope of the invention is defined by the appendedclaims.

1. A method of processing a wafer comprising: receiving the wafer andwafer data, wherein the wafer is received by a measurement subsystem, awafer state is established for the wafer, and the wafer data includeshistorical and/or real-time wafer temperature data; receiving an inputmessage including a pass-through message, or a real-time feedforwardmessage, or any combination thereof, wherein the pass-through messageincludes historical wafer data and the real-time feedforward messageincludes real-time wafer temperature data; creating, by a TransparentCoupling Device (TCD), real-time feedforward data using the real-timefeedforward message, wherein the real-time feedforward data is createdwhen input message includes a real-time feedforward message, and is notcreated when the input message does not include a real-time feedforwardmessage, wherein the real-time feedforward data includes real-time wafertemperature data; feed-forwarding the real-time feedforward data to acontroller in the measurement subsystem when a feedforward state is afirst value, and not feed-forwarding the real-time feedforward data whenthe feedforward state is a second value, wherein the feedforward stateis the first value when the real-time feedforward data can befed-forward before a measuring process is performed for the wafer, andwherein the feedforward state is the second value when the real-timefeedforward data cannot be fed forward before the measuring process isperformed for the wafer; and either creating a tuned measurement recipe,a tuned measurement profile, or a tuned measurement model, or anycombination thereof using a Real-Time Parameter Tuning (RTPT) procedurethat uses the real-time wafer temperature data as tuning data when aRTPT state is a first value and the input message includes a real-timefeedforward message; or not creating the tuned measurement recipe, thetuned measurement profile, or the tuned measurement model, or anycombination thereof when the RTPT state is a second value and/or theinput message does not include a real-time feedforward message.
 2. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: measuring the wafer inthe measurement subsystem using the tuned measurement recipe, the tunedmeasurement profile, or the tuned measurement model, or any combinationthereof when the RTPT state is the first value; identifying the measuredwafer as a tuned wafer by changing the wafer state for the measuredwafer; and storing measurement data associated with the tuned wafer astuned measurement data.
 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, furthercomprising: creating by the measurement subsystem an un-tunedmeasurement recipe an un-tuned measurement profile, or an un-tunedmeasurement model, or any combination thereof when the feedforward stateis the second value, and/or the RTPT state is the second value;measuring the wafer in the measurement subsystem using the un-tunedmeasurement recipe, the un-tuned measurement profile, or the un-tunedmeasurement model, or any combination thereof when the RTPT state is thesecond value; identifying the measured wafer as an un-tuned wafer bychanging the wafer state for the measured wafer; and storing measurementdata associated with the un-tuned wafer as un-tuned measurement data. 4.The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: modeling the waferor modeling a measurement procedure for the wafer or modeling both ofthese in the measurement subsystem using the tuned measurement recipe,the tuned measurement profile, or the tuned measurement model, or anycombination thereof when the RTPT state is the first value.
 5. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, wherein when the tuned measurement recipe,the tuned measurement profile, or the tuned measurement model, or anycombination thereof is created, the real-time wafer temperature data isused to determine one or more of: a wafer radius for alignment procedureand/or an measurement procedure; wafer curvature; a contaminant level, acontamination probability, and/or an out-gassing rate; an actual wafertemperature when the measurement occurs; the amount of energy radiatedby the wafer in an alignment and/or measurement chamber; opticalproperties for the wafer and a calibration factor for the opticalproperties; or properties of a photoresist layer.
 6. The method asclaimed in claim 1, further comprising: creating by a Real-TimeOptimizer (RTO) real-time feedforward data and optimization data usingthe real-time feedforward message when the input message includes areal-time feedforward message, wherein the real-time feedforward dataand optimization data is created when the feedforward state is the firstvalue, and is not created data when the feedforward state is a secondvalue, wherein the optimization data includes wafer temperature data;feed-forwarding the real-time feedforward data and optimization data toa controller in the measurement subsystem when the feedforward state isthe first value, and not feed-forwarding the real-time feedforward dataand optimization data when the feedforward state is the second value,wherein the feedforward state is the first value when the real-timefeedforward data and/or optimization data can be fed-forward before ameasurement process is performed for the wafer, and wherein thefeedforward state is the second value when the real-time feedforwarddata and/or optimization data cannot be fed-forward before themeasurement process is performed for the wafer; and either creating anoptimized measurement recipe, an optimized measurement profile, or anoptimized measurement model, or any combination thereof using a RTPTprocedure that uses the real-time feedforward data and optimization datawhen the optimization state is the first value and the input messageincludes a feedforward message, or not creating, by a controller coupledto the RTO, the optimized measurement recipe, the optimized measurementprofile, or the optimized measurement model, or any combination thereofwhen the optimization state is the second value and/or the input messagedoes not include a feedforward message.
 7. The method as claimed inclaim 6, further comprising: measuring the wafer in the measurementsubsystem using the optimized measurement recipe, the optimizedmeasurement profile, or the optimized measurement model, or anycombination thereof when the RTPT state is the first value; identifyingthe measured wafer as an optimized wafer by changing the wafer state forthe measured wafer; and storing measurement data associated with theoptimized wafer as optimized measurement data.
 8. The method as claimedin claim 7, further comprising: creating by the measurement subsystem anon-optimized measurement recipe, a non-optimized measurement profile,or a non-optimized measurement model, or any combination thereof whenthe feedforward state is the first value, and the optimization state isthe second value; measuring the wafer in the measurement subsystem usingthe non-optimized measurement recipe, the non-optimized measurementprofile, or the non-optimized measurement model, or any combinationthereof when the RTPT state is the second value; identifying themeasured wafer as a non-optimized wafer by changing the wafer state forthe measured wafer; and storing measurement data associated with thenon-optimized wafer as non-optimized measurement data.
 9. The method asclaimed in claim 6, further comprising: modeling the wafer or modeling ameasurement procedure or modeling both of these in the measurementsubsystem using the optimized measurement recipe, the optimizedmeasurement profile, or the optimized measurement model, or anycombination thereof when the optimization state is the first value. 10.The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the measurement subsystemcomprises a CD-Scanning Electron Microscopy (CDSEM) tool, a TransmissionElectron Microscopy (TEM) tool, a focused ion beam (FIB) tool, an ODPtool, an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) tool, or another opticalmetrology tool.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the waferis received by an integrated metrology (IM) tool in the measurementsubsystem.
 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:collecting data using a Manufacturing Execution System (MES), thecollected data including the historical and real-time wafer temperaturedata; creating additional real-time wafer temperature data, wherein theMES processes the collected data to create the additional real-timewafer temperature data; creating a formatted message comprising theadditional real-time wafer temperature data; and sending the formattedmessage using the MES.
 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein thewafer state comprises a tuned variable (TV_(n,m)), an optimized variable(OV_(n,m)), a measured variable (MV_(n,m)), and a processed variable(PV_(n,m)), where n is the wafer number and m is a processing sequencenumber, the tuned variable (TV_(n,m)) is a first value when the waferhas been tuned and is a second value when the wafer has not been tuned,the optimized variable (OV_(n,m)) is a first value when the wafer hasbeen optimized and is a second value when the wafer has not beenoptimized, the measured variable (MV_(n,m)) is a first value when thewafer has been measured and is a second value when the wafer has notbeen measured, and the processed variable (PV_(n,m)) is a first valuewhen the wafer has been processed and is a second value when the waferhas not been processed.
 14. A method of processing a wafer comprising:receiving the wafer and wafer data, wherein a wafer state is establishedfor the wafer, and the wafer data includes temperature data; receiving,by a controller, an input message including a pass-through message, or areal-time feedforward message, or any combination thereof; creatingfeedforward recipe data, feedforward profile data, or feedforward modeldata, or any combination thereof using the real-time feedforward messagewhen the input message includes a real-time feedforward message, whereinthe feedforward recipe data, feedforward profile data, or feedforwardmodel data, or any combination thereof is created when a feedforwardstate is a first value, and the feedforward recipe data, feedforwardprofile data, or feedforward model data, or any combination thereof isnot created when the feedforward state is a second value; sending thewafer to an integrated metrology (IM) tool when the sequencing state isa predetermined value corresponding to the IM tool; sending thepass-through message to the IM tool when the input message includes thepass-through message and the sequencing state is said predeterminedvalue, wherein the pass-through message is sent using a TransparentCoupling Device (TCD); and either feed-forwarding the feedforward recipedata, the feedforward profile data, or the feedforward model data, orany combination thereof using one or more TCDs coupled to the IM toolwhen a feedforward state is the first value and a sequencing state isthe predetermined value, or not feed-forwarding the feedforward recipedata, the feedforward profile data, or the feedforward model data, orany combination thereof when the feedforward state is a second value.15. The method as claimed in claim 14, further comprising: creating atuned wafer model using a first Real-Time Parameter Tuning (RTPT)procedure that uses the wafer temperature data, wherein the tuned wafermodel is created when a RTPT state is the first value, and the tunedwafer model is not created when the RTPT state is a second value; andstoring the tuned wafer model.
 16. The method as claimed in claim 15,further comprising: creating tuned wafer profile data using a secondRTPT procedure that uses the wafer temperature data and/or the tunedwafer model, wherein the tuned wafer profile data is created when theRTPT state is the first value, and the tuned wafer profile data is notcreated when the RTPT state is the second value; and storing the tunedwafer profile data.
 17. The method as claimed in claim 16, furthercomprising: creating a tuned measurement recipe using a third RTPTprocedure that uses the tuned wafer model, the tuned wafer profile data,or the wafer temperature data, or any combination thereof, wherein thetuned measurement recipe is created when the RTPT state is the firstvalue, and the optimized recipe data is not created when the RTPT stateis the second value; measuring the wafer using the tuned measurementrecipe when the RTPT state is the first value; identifying the measuredwafer as an tuned wafer by changing the wafer state for the measuredwafer; and storing measurement data associated with the tuned wafer astuned measurement data.
 18. The method as claimed in claim 14, furthercomprising: creating an optimized wafer model using a first Real-TimeParameter Tuning (RTPT) procedure that uses the wafer temperature dataand the pass-through message, wherein the optimized wafer model iscreated when an optimization state is a first value, and the optimizedwafer model is not created when the optimization state is a secondvalue, wherein the pass-through message includes optimization data; andstoring the optimized wafer model.
 19. The method as claimed in claim18, further comprising: creating optimized wafer profile data using asecond RTPT procedure that uses the optimization data, the wafertemperature data and/or the optimized wafer model, wherein the optimizedwafer profile data is created when the optimization state is the firstvalue, and the optimized wafer profile data is not created when theoptimization state is the second value; and storing the optimized waferprofile data.
 20. The method as claimed in claim 19, further comprising:creating an optimized measurement recipe using a third RTPT procedurethat uses the optimized wafer model, the optimized wafer profile data,or the real-time wafer temperature data, or any combination thereof,wherein the optimized measurement recipe is created when theoptimization state is the first value, and the optimized recipe data isnot created when the optimization state is the second value; measuringthe wafer using the optimized measurement recipe when the optimizationstate is the first value; identifying the measured wafer as an optimizedwafer by changing the wafer state for the measured wafer; and storingmeasurement data associated with the optimized wafer as optimizedmeasurement data.
 21. A method of processing a wafer comprising:receiving the wafer and wafer data, wherein a wafer state is establishedfor the wafer, and the wafer data includes historical and/or real-timewafer temperature data; receiving, by a Real-Time Optimizer (RTO) aninput message including a pass-through message, or a real-timefeedforward message, or any combination thereof; creating, by the RTO,optimized data using the real-time feedforward message when the inputmessage includes a real-time feedforward message, wherein the optimizeddata is created when an optimization state is a first value, and theoptimized data is not created when the optimization state is a secondvalue; sending the wafer to an internal measurement subsystem when asequencing state is a predetermined value; sending the pass-throughmessage to the internal measurement subsystem when the input messageincludes the pass-through message and/or when a pass-through state is afirst value and the sequencing state is the predetermined value, and notsending the pass-through message to the internal measurement subsystemwhen the input message does not include the pass-through message,wherein the pass-through message is sent using a Transparent CouplingDevice (TCD); and either sending the optimized data to the internalmeasurement subsystem when the feedforward state is the first value andthe sequencing state is the predetermined value, or not sending theoptimized data to the internal measurement subsystem when thefeedforward state is the second value.
 22. The method as claimed inclaim 21, further comprising: creating an optimized measurement recipe,an optimized measurement profile, or an optimized measurement model, orany combination thereof using a Real-Time Parameter Tuning (RTPT)procedure; and sending the optimized measurement recipe, the optimizedmeasurement profile, or the optimized measurement model, or anycombination thereof to the internal measurement subsystem with theoptimized data wherein the optimized measurement recipe, the optimizedmeasurement profile, or the optimized measurement model, or anycombination thereof is created using the real-time feedforward messagewhen the input message includes a real-time feedforward message and theoptimization state is the first value, and the optimized measurementrecipe, the optimized measurement profile, or the optimized measurementmodel, or any combination thereof is not created when the optimizationstate is the second value, wherein the real-time feedforward messageincludes real-time wafer temperature data.
 23. The method as claimed inclaim 22, further comprising: measuring by the internal measurementsubsystem the wafer using the optimized measurement recipe, theoptimized measurement profile, or the optimized measurement model, orany combination thereof when an update state is a first value and theoptimization state is the first value; identifying the measured wafer asan optimized wafer by changing the wafer state for the measured wafer;and identifying measurement data associated with the optimized wafer asoptimized measurement data.
 24. The method as claimed in claim 23,further comprising: measuring by the internal measurement subsystem thewafer using a non-optimized measurement recipe when the update state isthe second value, and the optimization state is the second value;identifying the measured wafer as a non-optimized wafer by changing thewafer state for the measured wafer; and identifying measurement dataassociated with the non-optimized wafer as non-optimized measurementdata.
 25. The method as claimed in claim 21, further comprising:creating an optimized measurement recipe, an optimized measurementprofile, or an optimized measurement model, or any combination thereofusing a Real-Time Parameter Tuning (RTPT) procedure that uses theoptimized data; measuring by the internal measurement subsystem thewafer using the optimized measurement recipe, the optimized measurementprofile, or the optimized measurement model, or any combination thereofwhen an update state is a first value, and the optimization state is thefirst value; identifying the measured wafer as an optimized wafer bychanging the wafer state for the measured wafer; and identifyingmeasurement data associated with the optimized wafer as optimizedmeasurement data.
 26. The method as claimed in claim 25, furthercomprising: measuring by the internal measurement subsystem, the waferusing a non-optimized measurement recipe when the update state is asecond value, and/or the optimization state is a second value;identifying the measured wafer as a non-optimized wafer by changing thewafer state for the measured wafer; and identifying measurement dataassociated with the non-optimized wafer as non-optimized measurementdata.
 27. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein when the optimizedmeasurement recipe, the optimized measurement profile, or the optimizedmeasurement model, or any combination thereof is created, the real-timewafer temperature data is used to determine one or more of: a waferradius for alignment procedure and/or a measurement procedure; wafercurvature; a contaminant level, a contamination probability, and/or anout-gassing rate; actual wafer temperature when the measurement occurs;amount of energy radiated by the wafer in an alignment and/ormeasurement chamber; optical properties for the wafer; a calibrationfactor for the optical properties the characteristics of a photoresistlayer; or the correct location for a measurement site on the wafer. 28.The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein said predetermined value is afourth value, the method further comprising: sending the wafer to alithography subsystem when the sequencing state is a first value;sending the wafer to an etch subsystem when the sequencing state is asecond value; sending the wafer to a deposition subsystem when thesequencing state is a third value; sending the wafer to an externalmeasurement tool when the sequencing state is a fifth value, and sendingthe wafer to a transfer subsystem when the sequencing state is a sixthvalue.
 29. A system for processing a wafer comprising: a measurementsubsystem configured to receive the wafer and wafer data, wherein awafer state is established for the wafer, and the wafer data includeshistorical and/or real-time wafer temperature data, and to receive aninput message including a pass-through message, or a real-timefeedforward message, or any combination thereof, wherein thepass-through message includes historical wafer data and the real-timefeedforward message includes real-time wafer temperature data; aTransparent Coupling Device (TCD) coupled to the measurement subsystem,and configured to create real-time feedforward data using the real-timefeedforward message when the input message includes a real-timefeedforward message, wherein the real-time feedforward data is createdwhen a feedforward state is a first value, and is not created when thefeedforward state is a second value, wherein the real-time feedforwarddata includes real-time wafer temperature data; feed-forward thereal-time feedforward data to the measurement subsystem when thefeedforward state is the first value, and not feed-forward the real-timefeedforward data when the feedforward state is a second value, whereinthe feedforward state is the first value when the real-time feedforwarddata can be fed-forward before an measurement process is performed forthe wafer, and wherein the feedforward state is the second value whenthe real-time feedforward data cannot be fed-forward before themeasurement process is performed for the wafer; and a controller thatcreates a tuned measurement recipe, a tuned measurement profile, or atuned measurement model, or any combination thereof using a Real-TimeParameter Tuning (RTPT) procedure that uses the real-time feedforwarddata when a RTPT state is a first value, and does not create the tunedmeasurement recipe, the tuned measurement profile, or the tunedmeasurement model, or any combination thereof when the RTPT state is asecond value.
 30. The system as claimed in claim 29, wherein themeasurement subsystem comprises means for measuring the wafer using thetuned measurement recipe, the tuned measurement profile, or the tunedmeasurement model, or any combination thereof when the RTPT state is thefirst value, and for identifying the measured wafer as a tuned wafer bychanging a wafer state for the wafer, and for storing measurement dataassociated with the tuned wafer as tuned measurement data.
 31. Acomputer readable medium containing program instructions for executionon a computer system coupled to a semiconductor processing system, whichwhen executed by the computer system, cause the semiconductor processingsystem to perform a process, comprising the steps of claim
 1. 32. Amethod of performing optical measurements on a wafer comprising:processing an input signal to obtain non-tuning data including ameasurement recipe for use in the optical measurement system; performingan optical measurement based on the measurement recipe at opticalmeasurement hardware of the measurement system to obtain an opticaldiffraction signal from a measurement site on said wafer; obtainingtuning data including wafer temperature data at an optical analysissystem of the measurement system; and calculating a measurement resultbased on said optical diffraction signal and said tuning data.
 33. Themethod of claim 32, wherein said processing is performed by a processorof the optical measurement system.
 34. The method of claim 32, whereinsaid processing is performed by a TCD associated with the opticalmeasurement system, said TCD being either external to the opticalmeasurement system or an integral part of the optical measurementsystem.
 35. The method of claim 32, wherein said performing comprisesperforming an optical measurement based on a measurement recipeincluding measurements for a plurality of measurement sites on thesemiconductor wafer, wherein a plurality of diffraction signalscorresponding to said plurality of measurement sites are obtained as aresult of performance of the recipe.
 36. The method of claim 32, whereinsaid obtaining comprises obtaining external tuning data including wafercharacteristic data from said input message.
 37. The method of claim 36,wherein said wafer characteristic data of the external tuning datacomprises end data measured and/or calculated by a subsystem external tothe optical measurement tool.
 38. The method of claim 32, wherein saidobtaining comprises obtaining internal tuning data including wafercharacteristic data created during said measurement in the opticalmeasurement hardware.
 39. The method of claim 32, wherein said tuningdata comprises n&k values determined by either the optical measurementsystem or a system other than the optical measurement system or both.